Botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic pain. Review of the evidence
Keywords:
Pain, Chronic pain, Botulinum toxin, Migraine, Ultrasound imaging
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic pain is one of the primary reasons why people seek medical help. It produces functional limitation, affects mood, and impairs job performance. Many times it is difficult to manage and responds poorly to pharmacological therapies, posing a challenge for the multidisciplinary team in charge of treating this disorder. A number of approaches to relieve pain are the subject of growing research, including the application of agents such as botulinum toxin on painful points.
Objective: To carry out a non-systematic narrative review of the scientific evidence available on the use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic pain.
Materials and methods: A search was conducted in the PUBMED database, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, Cochrane reviews, clinical trials, narrative reviews and case series, published between 1997 and 2013, in order to carry out a non-systematic narrative review.
Results: Overall, 66 articles were considered for an update on the proposed topic.
Conclusions: Botulinum toxin has certain properties that might have a beneficial effect on chronic pain. However, there is not sufficient evidence supporting its use in the majority of indications in this group of patients. Additional studies are required to recommend its use. Ultrasound is considered a useful tool to guide its application.
References
1. Royal MA. Botulinum toxins in pain management. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003;14:805-20.
2. Torres JC. Toxina botulínica A: mecanismo de acción en el manejo del dolor. Rev Iberoamericana del Dolor. 2007;4:32-40.
3. Setler PE. Therapeutic use of botulinum toxins: Background and history. Clin J Pain. 2002;18 6 Suppl:S119-24.
4. Qerama E, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Jensen TS. The role of botulinum toxin in management of pain: An evidence-based review. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:602-10.
5. Mense S. Neurobiological basis for the use of botulinum toxin in pain therapy. J Neurol. 2004;251 Suppl 1:I1-7.
6. Arezzo JC. Possible mechanisms for the effects of botulinum toxin on pain. Clin J Pain. 2002;18 6 Suppl:S125-32.
7. Smith HS. Botulinum toxins for analgesia. Pain Physician. 2009;12:479-81.
8. Graven-Nielsen T, Mense S. The peripheral apparatus of muscle pain: Evidence from animal and human studies. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:2-10.
9. Guarda-Nardini L, Manfredini D, Salamone M, Salmaso L, Tonello S, Ferronato G. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating myofascial pain in bruxers: A controlled placebo pilot study. Cranio. 2008;26:126-35.
10. Song PC, Schwartz J, Blitzer A. The emerging role of botulinum toxin in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Oral Dis. 2007;13:253-60.
11. Bohluli B, Motamedi MH, Bagheri SC, Bayat M, Lassemi E, Navi F, et al. Use of botulinum toxin A for drug-refractory trigeminal neuralgia: Preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;111:47-50.
12. Kapural L, Stillman M, Kapural M, McIntyre P, Guirgius M, Mekhail N. Botulinumtoxin occipital nerve block for the treatment of severe occipital neuralgia: A case series. Pain Pract. 2007;7:337-40.
13. Nixdorf DR, Heo GB, Major PW. Randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin A for chronic myogenous orofacial pain. Pain. 2002;99:465-73.
14. Ernberg M, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, List T, Svensson P. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of persistent myofascial TMD pain: A randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter study. Pain. 2011;152:1988-96.
15. Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Hayashino Y. Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307:1736-45.
16. Shuhendler AJ, Lee S, Siu M, Ondovcik S, Lam K, Alabdullatif A, et al. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine headaches: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:784-91.
17. Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse R, Aurora S, Silberstein S, Lipton R, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Pooled results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache. 2010;50:921-36.
18. Gobel H, Heinze A, Reichel G, Hefter H, Benecke R. Efficacy and safety of a single botulinum type A toxin complex treatment (Dysport) for the relief of upper back myofascial pain syndrome: Results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre study. Pain. 2006;125:82-8.
19. Wheelera A, Goolkasianb P, Gretz S. Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of chronic neck pain. Pain. 2001;94:255-60.
20. Langevin P, Peloso P, Lowcock J, Nolan M, Weber J, Gross A, et al. Botulinum toxin for subacute/chronic neck pain. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011:1-56.
21. Soares A, Andriolo RB, Atallah ÁN, da Silva EMK. Botulinum toxin for myofascial pain syndromes in adults. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2012:1-41.
22. Ho KY, Tan KH. Botulinum toxin A for myofascial trigger point injection: a qualitative systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:519-27.
23. Zhang T, Adatia A, Zarin W, Moitri M, Vijenthira A, Chu R, et al. The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology. 2011;19:21-34.
24. Cui M, Khanijou S, Rubino J, Aoki K. Subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin A reduces formalin-induced pain. Pain. 2004;107:125-33.
25. Gazerani P, Spicina N, Staahl C, Drewes A, Arendt-Nielsen L. Subcutaneous botulinum toxin type A reduces capsaicin-induced trigeminal pain and vasomotor reactions in human skin. Pain. 2009;141:60-9.
26. Freund B, Schwartz M. Subcutaneous BTX-A in the treatment of neuropathic pain: A pilot study. Presented at the 38th Interagency Botulism Research Coordinating Committee Meeting, October 17-9, 2001, Easton, MD.
27. Liu HT, Tsai SK, Kao MC, Hu JS. Botulinum toxin A relieved neuropathic pain in a case of postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Med. 2006;7:89-91.
28. Piovesan EJ, Teive HG, Kowacs PA, Della Coletta MV, Wernech LC, Silberstein SD. An open-label study of botulinum toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology. 2005;65:1306-8.
29. Allam N, Brasil-Neto JP, Brown G, Tomaz C. Injections of botulinum toxin type A produce pain alleviation in intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J Pain. 2005;21: 182-4.
30. Sycha T, Kranz G, Auff E, Schnider P. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of rare head and neck pain syndromes: A systematic review of the literature. J Neurol. 2004;251 Suppl 1:119-30.
31. Borodic GE, Acquadro MA. The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic facial pain. J Pain. 2002;3:21-7.
32. Tsai CP, Liu CY, Lin KP, Wang KC. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in the relief of carpal tunnel syndrome: A preliminary experience. Clin Drug Invest. 2006;26:511-5.
33. Yuan R, Sheu J, Yu J, Chen W, Tseng I, Chang H, et al. Botulinum toxin for diabetic neuropathic pain. A randomized double-blind crossover trial. Neurology. 2009;72:1473-8.
34. Ranoux D, Attal N, Morain F, Bouhassira D. Botulinum toxin type A induces direct analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol. 2008;64:274-84.
35. Jin LJ, Kollewe K, Krampfl K, Dengler R, Mohammadi B. Treatment of phantom limb pain with botulinum toxin type A. Pain Med. 2009;10:300-3.
36. Kern U, Martin C, Scheicher S, Müller H. Effects of botulinum toxin type B on stump pain and involuntary movements of the stump. Am J Phys Med Rehabilit. 2004;83:396-9.
37. Wu H, Sultana R, Taylor KB, Szabo A. A prospective randomized double-blinded pilot study to examine the effect of botulinum toxin type A injection versus lidocaine/depomedrol injection on residual and phantom limb pain initial report. Clin J Pain. 2012;28.
38. Sycha T, Graninger M, Auff E, Schnider P. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: A pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34:312-3.
39. Van Beek AL, Lim PK, Gear AJL, Pritzker MR. Management of vasospastic disorders with botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119:217-26.
40. Smith L, Polsky D, Franks Jr AG. Botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of Raynaud syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:426-8.
41. Neumeister MW, Chambers CB, Herron MS, Webb K, Wietfeldt J, Gillespie JN, et al. Botox therapy for ischemic digits. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124:191-201.
42. Herrick AL. Contemporary management of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ischaemic complications. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:555-61.
43. Herrick A. Diagnosis and management of scleroderma peripheral vascular disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:89-114, vii.
44. Levien TL. Advances in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;6:167-77.
45. Singh JA, Mahowald ML, Noorbaloochi S. Intra-articular botulinum toxin A for refractory shoulder pain: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Transl Res. 2009;153:205-16.
46. Mahowald ML, Krug HE, Singh JA, Dykstra D. Intra-articular botulinum toxin type A: A new approach to treat arthritis joint pain. Toxicon. 2009;54:658-67.
47. Loder E, Biondi D. Use of botulinum toxins for chronic headaches: A focused review. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:S169-76.
48. LeWitt PA, Trosch RM. Idiosyncratic adverse reactions to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A injection. Mov Disord. 1997;12:1064-7.
49. Brueggemann N, Doegnitz L, Harms L, Moser A, Hagenah JM. Skin reactions after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A: A rare side effect. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:231-2.
50. Lew MF. Review of the FDA-approved uses of botulinum toxins, including data suggesting efficacy in pain reduction. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:S142-6.
51. Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Hayashino Y. Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307:1736-45.
52. Shaw LC, Price CI, van Wijck FM, Shackley P, Steen N, Barnes MP, et al. Botulinum Toxin for the Upper Limb after Stroke (BoTULS) trial effect on impairment, activity limitation, and pain. Stroke. 2011;42:1371-9.
53. Braker C, Yariv S, Adler R, Badarny S, Eisenberg E. The analgesic effect of botulinum-toxin A on postwhiplash neck pain. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:5-10.
54. Drugs.com. OnabotulinumtoxinA Side Effects [consultado 4 Abr 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.drugs.com/sfx/onabotulinumtoxina-side-effects.html.
55. Sriskandan N, Moody A, Howlett DC. Ultrasound-guided submandibular gland injection of botulinum toxin for hypersalivation in cerebral palsy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48:58-60.
56. Breheret R, Bizon A, Jeufroy C, Laccourreye L. Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections for treatment of drooling. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2011;128:224-9.
57. Khan WU, Campisi P, Nadarajah S, Shakur YA, Khan N, Semenuk D, et al. Botulinum toxin A for treatment of sialorrhea in children: An effective, minimally invasive approach. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;137: 339-44.
58. Marina MB, Sani A, Hamzaini AH, Hamidon BB. Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin A injection: An alternative treatment for dribbling. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122:609-14.
59. Gerlinger I, Szalai G, Hollódy K, Németh A. Ultrasound-guided, intraglandular injection of botulinum toxin A in children suffering from excessive salivation. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121:947-51.
60. Torriani M, Gupta R, Donahue DM. Botulinum toxin injection in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: Results and experience using a ultrasound-guided approach. Skeletal Radiol. 2010;39:973-80.
61. Chen SL, Bih LI, Chen GD, Huang YH, You YH. Comparing a transrectal ultrasound-guided with a cystoscopy-guided botulinum toxin A injection in treating detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90:723-30.
62. Sconfienza LM, Lacelli F, Bruno A, Serafini G. Ultrasound guidance can improve the outcome of botulinum toxin A injection. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45:153.
63. Py AG, Zein Addeen G, Perrier Y, Carlier RY, Picard A. Evaluation of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in the lower limb muscles of children with cerebral palsy. Preliminary prospective study of the advantages of ultrasound guidance. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;52: 215-23.
64. Davidson J, Jayaraman S. Guided interventions in musculoskeletal ultrasound: What's the evidence? Clin Radiol. 2011;66:140-52.
65. Rivera R, Arcila MA, Giraldo D. Bloqueo tricompartimental de hombro guiado por ultrasonografía. Rev Col Anest. 2013;1:245-9.
2. Torres JC. Toxina botulínica A: mecanismo de acción en el manejo del dolor. Rev Iberoamericana del Dolor. 2007;4:32-40.
3. Setler PE. Therapeutic use of botulinum toxins: Background and history. Clin J Pain. 2002;18 6 Suppl:S119-24.
4. Qerama E, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Jensen TS. The role of botulinum toxin in management of pain: An evidence-based review. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:602-10.
5. Mense S. Neurobiological basis for the use of botulinum toxin in pain therapy. J Neurol. 2004;251 Suppl 1:I1-7.
6. Arezzo JC. Possible mechanisms for the effects of botulinum toxin on pain. Clin J Pain. 2002;18 6 Suppl:S125-32.
7. Smith HS. Botulinum toxins for analgesia. Pain Physician. 2009;12:479-81.
8. Graven-Nielsen T, Mense S. The peripheral apparatus of muscle pain: Evidence from animal and human studies. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:2-10.
9. Guarda-Nardini L, Manfredini D, Salamone M, Salmaso L, Tonello S, Ferronato G. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating myofascial pain in bruxers: A controlled placebo pilot study. Cranio. 2008;26:126-35.
10. Song PC, Schwartz J, Blitzer A. The emerging role of botulinum toxin in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Oral Dis. 2007;13:253-60.
11. Bohluli B, Motamedi MH, Bagheri SC, Bayat M, Lassemi E, Navi F, et al. Use of botulinum toxin A for drug-refractory trigeminal neuralgia: Preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;111:47-50.
12. Kapural L, Stillman M, Kapural M, McIntyre P, Guirgius M, Mekhail N. Botulinumtoxin occipital nerve block for the treatment of severe occipital neuralgia: A case series. Pain Pract. 2007;7:337-40.
13. Nixdorf DR, Heo GB, Major PW. Randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin A for chronic myogenous orofacial pain. Pain. 2002;99:465-73.
14. Ernberg M, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, List T, Svensson P. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of persistent myofascial TMD pain: A randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter study. Pain. 2011;152:1988-96.
15. Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Hayashino Y. Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307:1736-45.
16. Shuhendler AJ, Lee S, Siu M, Ondovcik S, Lam K, Alabdullatif A, et al. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine headaches: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:784-91.
17. Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse R, Aurora S, Silberstein S, Lipton R, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Pooled results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache. 2010;50:921-36.
18. Gobel H, Heinze A, Reichel G, Hefter H, Benecke R. Efficacy and safety of a single botulinum type A toxin complex treatment (Dysport) for the relief of upper back myofascial pain syndrome: Results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre study. Pain. 2006;125:82-8.
19. Wheelera A, Goolkasianb P, Gretz S. Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of chronic neck pain. Pain. 2001;94:255-60.
20. Langevin P, Peloso P, Lowcock J, Nolan M, Weber J, Gross A, et al. Botulinum toxin for subacute/chronic neck pain. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011:1-56.
21. Soares A, Andriolo RB, Atallah ÁN, da Silva EMK. Botulinum toxin for myofascial pain syndromes in adults. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2012:1-41.
22. Ho KY, Tan KH. Botulinum toxin A for myofascial trigger point injection: a qualitative systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:519-27.
23. Zhang T, Adatia A, Zarin W, Moitri M, Vijenthira A, Chu R, et al. The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology. 2011;19:21-34.
24. Cui M, Khanijou S, Rubino J, Aoki K. Subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin A reduces formalin-induced pain. Pain. 2004;107:125-33.
25. Gazerani P, Spicina N, Staahl C, Drewes A, Arendt-Nielsen L. Subcutaneous botulinum toxin type A reduces capsaicin-induced trigeminal pain and vasomotor reactions in human skin. Pain. 2009;141:60-9.
26. Freund B, Schwartz M. Subcutaneous BTX-A in the treatment of neuropathic pain: A pilot study. Presented at the 38th Interagency Botulism Research Coordinating Committee Meeting, October 17-9, 2001, Easton, MD.
27. Liu HT, Tsai SK, Kao MC, Hu JS. Botulinum toxin A relieved neuropathic pain in a case of postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Med. 2006;7:89-91.
28. Piovesan EJ, Teive HG, Kowacs PA, Della Coletta MV, Wernech LC, Silberstein SD. An open-label study of botulinum toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology. 2005;65:1306-8.
29. Allam N, Brasil-Neto JP, Brown G, Tomaz C. Injections of botulinum toxin type A produce pain alleviation in intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J Pain. 2005;21: 182-4.
30. Sycha T, Kranz G, Auff E, Schnider P. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of rare head and neck pain syndromes: A systematic review of the literature. J Neurol. 2004;251 Suppl 1:119-30.
31. Borodic GE, Acquadro MA. The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic facial pain. J Pain. 2002;3:21-7.
32. Tsai CP, Liu CY, Lin KP, Wang KC. Efficacy of botulinum toxin in the relief of carpal tunnel syndrome: A preliminary experience. Clin Drug Invest. 2006;26:511-5.
33. Yuan R, Sheu J, Yu J, Chen W, Tseng I, Chang H, et al. Botulinum toxin for diabetic neuropathic pain. A randomized double-blind crossover trial. Neurology. 2009;72:1473-8.
34. Ranoux D, Attal N, Morain F, Bouhassira D. Botulinum toxin type A induces direct analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol. 2008;64:274-84.
35. Jin LJ, Kollewe K, Krampfl K, Dengler R, Mohammadi B. Treatment of phantom limb pain with botulinum toxin type A. Pain Med. 2009;10:300-3.
36. Kern U, Martin C, Scheicher S, Müller H. Effects of botulinum toxin type B on stump pain and involuntary movements of the stump. Am J Phys Med Rehabilit. 2004;83:396-9.
37. Wu H, Sultana R, Taylor KB, Szabo A. A prospective randomized double-blinded pilot study to examine the effect of botulinum toxin type A injection versus lidocaine/depomedrol injection on residual and phantom limb pain initial report. Clin J Pain. 2012;28.
38. Sycha T, Graninger M, Auff E, Schnider P. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: A pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34:312-3.
39. Van Beek AL, Lim PK, Gear AJL, Pritzker MR. Management of vasospastic disorders with botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119:217-26.
40. Smith L, Polsky D, Franks Jr AG. Botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of Raynaud syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:426-8.
41. Neumeister MW, Chambers CB, Herron MS, Webb K, Wietfeldt J, Gillespie JN, et al. Botox therapy for ischemic digits. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124:191-201.
42. Herrick AL. Contemporary management of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ischaemic complications. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:555-61.
43. Herrick A. Diagnosis and management of scleroderma peripheral vascular disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:89-114, vii.
44. Levien TL. Advances in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;6:167-77.
45. Singh JA, Mahowald ML, Noorbaloochi S. Intra-articular botulinum toxin A for refractory shoulder pain: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Transl Res. 2009;153:205-16.
46. Mahowald ML, Krug HE, Singh JA, Dykstra D. Intra-articular botulinum toxin type A: A new approach to treat arthritis joint pain. Toxicon. 2009;54:658-67.
47. Loder E, Biondi D. Use of botulinum toxins for chronic headaches: A focused review. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:S169-76.
48. LeWitt PA, Trosch RM. Idiosyncratic adverse reactions to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A injection. Mov Disord. 1997;12:1064-7.
49. Brueggemann N, Doegnitz L, Harms L, Moser A, Hagenah JM. Skin reactions after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A: A rare side effect. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:231-2.
50. Lew MF. Review of the FDA-approved uses of botulinum toxins, including data suggesting efficacy in pain reduction. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:S142-6.
51. Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Hayashino Y. Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307:1736-45.
52. Shaw LC, Price CI, van Wijck FM, Shackley P, Steen N, Barnes MP, et al. Botulinum Toxin for the Upper Limb after Stroke (BoTULS) trial effect on impairment, activity limitation, and pain. Stroke. 2011;42:1371-9.
53. Braker C, Yariv S, Adler R, Badarny S, Eisenberg E. The analgesic effect of botulinum-toxin A on postwhiplash neck pain. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:5-10.
54. Drugs.com. OnabotulinumtoxinA Side Effects [consultado 4 Abr 2014]. Disponible en: http://www.drugs.com/sfx/onabotulinumtoxina-side-effects.html.
55. Sriskandan N, Moody A, Howlett DC. Ultrasound-guided submandibular gland injection of botulinum toxin for hypersalivation in cerebral palsy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48:58-60.
56. Breheret R, Bizon A, Jeufroy C, Laccourreye L. Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections for treatment of drooling. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2011;128:224-9.
57. Khan WU, Campisi P, Nadarajah S, Shakur YA, Khan N, Semenuk D, et al. Botulinum toxin A for treatment of sialorrhea in children: An effective, minimally invasive approach. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;137: 339-44.
58. Marina MB, Sani A, Hamzaini AH, Hamidon BB. Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin A injection: An alternative treatment for dribbling. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122:609-14.
59. Gerlinger I, Szalai G, Hollódy K, Németh A. Ultrasound-guided, intraglandular injection of botulinum toxin A in children suffering from excessive salivation. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121:947-51.
60. Torriani M, Gupta R, Donahue DM. Botulinum toxin injection in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: Results and experience using a ultrasound-guided approach. Skeletal Radiol. 2010;39:973-80.
61. Chen SL, Bih LI, Chen GD, Huang YH, You YH. Comparing a transrectal ultrasound-guided with a cystoscopy-guided botulinum toxin A injection in treating detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90:723-30.
62. Sconfienza LM, Lacelli F, Bruno A, Serafini G. Ultrasound guidance can improve the outcome of botulinum toxin A injection. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;45:153.
63. Py AG, Zein Addeen G, Perrier Y, Carlier RY, Picard A. Evaluation of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in the lower limb muscles of children with cerebral palsy. Preliminary prospective study of the advantages of ultrasound guidance. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;52: 215-23.
64. Davidson J, Jayaraman S. Guided interventions in musculoskeletal ultrasound: What's the evidence? Clin Radiol. 2011;66:140-52.
65. Rivera R, Arcila MA, Giraldo D. Bloqueo tricompartimental de hombro guiado por ultrasonografía. Rev Col Anest. 2013;1:245-9.
How to Cite
1.
Rivera Díaz RC, Arcila Lotero MA, Avellaneda Suarez MV, Echeverri Saldarriaga S, Gómez Martínez M. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic pain. Review of the evidence. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2014 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 24];42(3):205-13. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/681
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2014-07-01
How to Cite
1.
Rivera Díaz RC, Arcila Lotero MA, Avellaneda Suarez MV, Echeverri Saldarriaga S, Gómez Martínez M. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic pain. Review of the evidence. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2014 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 24];42(3):205-13. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/681
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Narrative review
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