The Red Code, an example of a rapid response system
Keywords:
Emergency Medicine, Rapid Response Teams, Resuscitation, Code Blue
Abstract
Introduction: Rapid response systems or emergency codes, are multidisciplinary teams aiming at preventing cardiopulmonary arrests and death.
Objective: To highlight the importance of implementing rapid response systems such as the red code, for the management of complications in obstetric patients.
Methodology: Article Review based on the literature from PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid Databases.
Results: The origin of these codes dates back to the first cardiopulmonary resuscitation teams, when during the 1930´s, some measures began to be implemented for an immediate management of cardiac arrest by trained resuscitation staff. Later on, during the 80´s, the availability of the external automated defibrillator at pre-hospital care units led to the advancement in the administration of electrical therapy prior to the patient´s arrival at the hospital. Currently these practices and training in resuscitation are broadly disseminated including recommendations of obligatory compliance at pre-hospital and hospital emergency rooms. Based on these experiences, resuscitation groups specialized in managing patients with obstetric hemorrhage have been established and a decrease in mortality of these patients has been recorded.
Conclusions: With evidence showing that several deaths were the result of adverse events and medical complications, the idea of implementing rapid response systems as an efficient strategy to reduce morbimortality now resurfaces. This was the foundation for the emergence of the red code in Colombia, in an attempt to reduce maternal mortality from obstetric hemorrhage.
References
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13. Moore K. Rapid response teams: a proactive critical care approach. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2008;39:488-9.
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38. Jones D, Bellomo R. Effectiveness of the Medical Emergency Team: the importance of dose. Crit Care. 2009;13:313.
39. McGaughey J, Alderdice F. Outreach and Early Warning Systems (EWS) for the prevention of intensive care admission and death of critically ill adult patients on general hospital wards. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (3): CD00552917636805
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41. Bellomo R, Goldsmith D. Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:916-21.
42. Tibballs J, Kinney S. Reduction of hospital mortality and of preventable cardiac arrest and death on introduction of a pediatric medical emergency team. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10:306-12.
43. Gosman GG, Baldisseri MR. Introduction of an obstetric-specific medical emergency team for obstetric crises: implementation and experience, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:367.
44. Skupski DW, Lowenwirt IP. Improving hospital systems for the care of women with major obstetric hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:977-83.
45. Fowler SJ. Provision for major obstetric haemorrhage: an Australian and New Zealand survey and review. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2005;33:784-93.
46. Homer C, Clements V. Maternal mortality: what can we learn from stories of postpartum haemorrhage? Women Birth. 2009;22:97-104.
47. Velez G, Agudelo B. Código Rojo: guía para el manejo de la hemorragia obstétrica. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2009;60:34-48.
48. Guía Manejo de la Hemorragia obstétrica, Código rojo. Medellín CLAP/SMR, OPS/OMS, Gobernación de Antioquia; 2007.
49. Pettker CM, Thung SF. Impact of a comprehensive patient safety strategy on obstetric adverse events. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:492.
50. García A, Navarro J. Encuesta sobre código rojo en 5 instituciones de salud de Bogotá. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. Pendiente publicar en este número de la Revista
51. Phillippi J. The American Association of Birth Centers: history, membership, and current initiatives. The American College of Nurse-Midwives. 2009;54:387-90.
52. Boyd J. Florence Nightingale´s remarkable life and work. The Lancet. 2008;372:1375-6.
53. Carlson K. Knowledge assessment and preparation for the certified emergency nurses examination. J Emerg Nurs. 2010;36:38-9.
2. Caballero RE, Gutiérrez J, Arribas P, Del Nogal F. Controversias en desfibrilación semiautomática externa. En: Editor Perales N, editor. La desfibrilación temprana. Madrid: Aran Ediciones, S. L.; 2004. p. 61
3. Weisfeldt ML, Kerber RE, McGoldrick RP, Moss AJ, Nichol G, Ornato JP. For the automatic external defibrillation task force. Public access defibrillation. A statement for health care professionals from the Americam Heart Association Task force an automatic external defibrillation. Circulation. 1995;92:2763-4.
4. Hillman K. Rapid response systems. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2008;12:77-81.
5. Smith AF, Wood J. Can some in-hospital cardio-respiratory arrests be prevented? A prospective survey. Resuscitation. 1998;37:133-7.
6. Foraida MI, DeVita MA, Braithwaite RS. Improving the utilization of medical crisis teams (Condition C) at an urban tertiary care hospital. J Crit Care. 2003;18:87-94.
7. Osorio E. Código azul, cartilla de reanimación cardio-cerebro-pulmonar. Bogotá: SCARE; 2004. p. 73-7.
8. Truesdell A. Meeting hospital needs for standardized emergency codes -the HASC response. Health Prot Manage. 2005;21:77-89.
9. Barbetti J, Lee G. Medical emergency team: a review of the literature. Nurs Crit Care. 2008;13:80-5.
10. Durkin S. Implementing a rapid response team. Am Journal Nursing. 2006;106:50-3.
11. Seifert T. A continuous curriculum for building code blue competency. J for Nurse in Staff Development. 2001;17:195-8.
12. Bertaut Y, Campbell A. Implementing a rapid-response team using a nurse-to-nurse consult approach. J Vasc Nurs. 2008;26:37-42.
13. Moore K. Rapid response teams: a proactive critical care approach. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2008;39:488-9.
14. Grimes C, Thornell B. Developing rapid response teams: best practices through collaboration. Clin Nurse Spec. 2007;21:85-94.
15. Halvorsen L, Garolis S, Wallace-Scroggs A. Building a rapid response team. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2007;18:129-40.
16. Cretikos M, Hillman K. The medical emergency team: does it really make a difference? Intern Med J. 2003;33:511-4.
17. Jamieson E, Ferrell C. Medical emergency team implementation: experiences of a mentor hospital. Medsurg Nurs. 2008;17:312-23.
18. Hillman K. Critical care without walls. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8:594-9.
19. Jones D, Bellomo R. Introduction of a rapid response system: why we are glad we MET. Crit Care. 2006;10:121.
20. Chen J, Flabouris A. Baseline hospital performance and the impact of medical emergency teams: modelling Vs. conventional subgroup analysis.Trials. 2009;10:117.
21. Devita MA, Bellomo R. Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2463-78.
22. Cooper J. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: history, current practice, and future direction. Circulation. 2006;114;2839-49.
23. Tweed W. Heart-alert: emergency resuscitation training in the community. CMA Journal. 1977;17:1399-403.
24. Ristagno G, Tang W. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: from the beginning to the present day. Crit Care Clin. 2009;25:133-51.
25. Eisenburger P, Safar P. Life supporting first aid training of the publicreview and recommendations. Resuscitation. 1999;41:3-18.
26. Vaillancourt C, Charette ML. An evaluation of 9-1-1 calls to assess the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions: design and methodology. BMC Emerg Med. 2008;8:12.
27. Franklin C, Mathew J. Developing strategies to prevent inhospital cardiac arrest: analyzing responses of physicians and nurses in the hours before the event. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:244-7.
28. Chen J, Bellomo R. The relationship between early emergency team calls and serious adverse events. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:148-53.
29. Gunnels D, Gunnels M. The critical response nurse role: an innovative solution for providing skilled trauma nurses. Int J Trauma Nurs. 2001;7:3-7.
30. Morse KJ, Warshawsky D. Rapid response teams: reducers of death. Find out how response teams save lives by rendering care to a patient before a cardiac or respiratory arrest occurs. Nursing. 2007;37 (Suplemento, Critical Cuidado Insider), 2-8
31. Jones D, George C. Introduction of medical emergency teams in Australia and New Zealand: a multi-centre study. Crit Care. 2008;12:R46..
32. Peberdy M. Recommended guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and conducting research on medical emergency team, outreach, and rapid response systems: an Utstein-style scientific statement. Circulation. 2007;116;2481-500.
33. Aneman A, Parr M. Medical emergency teams: a role for expanding intensive care? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50:1255-65.
34. Hillman K, Chen J. Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:2091-7.
35. Jones D, Bellomo R. Long term effect of a medical emergency team on cardiac arrests in a teaching hospital. Crit Care. 2005;9:R808-15.
36. Gerardo CJ, Glickman SW. The rapid impact on mortality rates of a dedicated care team including trauma and emergency physicians at an academic medical center. J Emerg Med. 2009 Artículo en la Prensa, disponible en Dic 16 de 2009
37. Cronin JG, Wright J. Rapid assessment and initial patient treatment team --a way forward for emergency care. Accid Emerg Nurs. 2005;13:87-92.
38. Jones D, Bellomo R. Effectiveness of the Medical Emergency Team: the importance of dose. Crit Care. 2009;13:313.
39. McGaughey J, Alderdice F. Outreach and Early Warning Systems (EWS) for the prevention of intensive care admission and death of critically ill adult patients on general hospital wards. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (3): CD00552917636805
40. Sharek PJ, Parast LM. Effect of a rapid response team on hospital-wide mortality and code rates outside the ICU in a Children's Hospital. JAMA. 2007;298:2267-74.
41. Bellomo R, Goldsmith D. Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:916-21.
42. Tibballs J, Kinney S. Reduction of hospital mortality and of preventable cardiac arrest and death on introduction of a pediatric medical emergency team. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10:306-12.
43. Gosman GG, Baldisseri MR. Introduction of an obstetric-specific medical emergency team for obstetric crises: implementation and experience, Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:367.
44. Skupski DW, Lowenwirt IP. Improving hospital systems for the care of women with major obstetric hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:977-83.
45. Fowler SJ. Provision for major obstetric haemorrhage: an Australian and New Zealand survey and review. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2005;33:784-93.
46. Homer C, Clements V. Maternal mortality: what can we learn from stories of postpartum haemorrhage? Women Birth. 2009;22:97-104.
47. Velez G, Agudelo B. Código Rojo: guía para el manejo de la hemorragia obstétrica. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2009;60:34-48.
48. Guía Manejo de la Hemorragia obstétrica, Código rojo. Medellín CLAP/SMR, OPS/OMS, Gobernación de Antioquia; 2007.
49. Pettker CM, Thung SF. Impact of a comprehensive patient safety strategy on obstetric adverse events. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:492.
50. García A, Navarro J. Encuesta sobre código rojo en 5 instituciones de salud de Bogotá. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. Pendiente publicar en este número de la Revista
51. Phillippi J. The American Association of Birth Centers: history, membership, and current initiatives. The American College of Nurse-Midwives. 2009;54:387-90.
52. Boyd J. Florence Nightingale´s remarkable life and work. The Lancet. 2008;372:1375-6.
53. Carlson K. Knowledge assessment and preparation for the certified emergency nurses examination. J Emerg Nurs. 2010;36:38-9.
How to Cite
1.
Navarro Vargas JR, Castillo VP. The Red Code, an example of a rapid response system. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2010 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 May 7];38(1):86-99. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/312
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How to Cite
1.
Navarro Vargas JR, Castillo VP. The Red Code, an example of a rapid response system. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2010 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 May 7];38(1):86-99. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/312
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