Rapid sequence intubation in the intensive care unit
Keywords:
Intubation, Intratracheal intubation, Intensive care unit, Anesthesia.
Abstract
Introduction: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) physician should have the skill to successfully manage patients requiring airway insulation on account of their poor ventilatory condition. The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding rapid sequence intubation in the ICU patients and to summarize the procedure to maximally reduce the risks of intubating a critical patient.
Methods: Theme review. An e-search of databases was performed, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, OvidSP and Scielo, without limiting the search by date, in English and Spanish. Clinical trials, meta-analysis, practicing guidelines, randomized controlled trials, reviews, case reports, classical articles, comparative studies, consensus conferences, and keynote speeches. Published articles on intubation, rapid sequence intubation and ICU intubation were included, all focusing on orotracheal intubation of the critical patient and strategies for optimization of the maneuver.
Results: The search yielded 1,144 studies. The abstracts were reviewed and those referring to the key review criteria were chosen: intubation protocols for ICU patients. Fifty monographs met the selection criteria. A summarized presentation of the results is made and an approach to a modified rapid sequence intubation is suggested, based on the review accomplished.
References
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2. Garcia M. Observations on the human voice. Proc R Soc Lond. 1854;7:399-410.
3. von Esmarch F. Handbuch der Kriegschirurgischen Technik. Hannover, Germany: Carl Rumpler; 1877.
4. Kirstein A. Autoskopie des Larynx und der Trachea. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1895;32:476-8.
5. Killian G. Ueber directe Brochoskopie. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1898;45:844-7.
6. Jaber S, Jung B, Corne P, Sebbane M, Muller L, Chanques G, et al. An intervention to decrease complications related to endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:248-55.
7. Schmidt UH, Kumwilaisak K, Bittner E, George E, Hess D. Effects of supervision by attending anesthesiologists on complications of emergency tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:973-7.
8. Vincent JL. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Annual, Volume 2009. Germany: Springer; 2009.
9. Miller R. Miller's Anesthesia. 7th ed. United States of America: Elsevier; 2010.
10. Weiler N, Heinrichs W, Dick W. Assessment of pulmonary mechanics and gastric inflation pressure during mask ventilation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1995;10:101-5. PubMed PMID: 10155411.
11. Clements P, Washington SJ, McCluskey A. Should patients be manually ventilated during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia? Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2009;70:424.
12. Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:675-94.
13. El-Orbany M, Connolly LA. Rapid sequence induction and intubation: current controversy. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1318-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 20237045.
14. Baillard C, Fosse JP, Sebbane M, Chanques G, Vincent F, Courouble P, et al. Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:171-7. PubMed PMID: 16627862.
15. Stept WJ, Safar P. Rapid induction-intubation for prevention of gastric-content aspiration. Anesth Analg. 1970;49:633-6. PubMed PMID: 5534675.
16. Dobson AP, McCluskey A, Meakin G, Baker RD. Effective time to satisfactory intubation conditions after administration of rocuronium in adults. Comparison of propofol and thiopentone for rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:172-6. PubMed PMID: 10215713.
17. White PF. Comparative evaluation of intravenous agents for rapid sequence induction-thiopental, ketamine, and midazolam. Anesthesiology. 1982;57:279-84. PubMed PMID: 7125264.
18. Yeung JK, Zed PJ. A review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department. CJEM. 2002;4:194-8. PubMed PMID: 17609005.
19. Dean P. Should etomidate be used for rapid-sequence intubation induction in critically ill septic patients? Probably not. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26:728-9, author reply 729-730.
20. Werther JR. Ketamine anesthesia. Anesth Prog. 1985;32:185-8.
21. Barr AM, Thornley BA. Thiopentone and suxamethonium crash induction. An assessment of the potential hazards. Anaesthesia. 1976;31:23-9.
22. El-Orbany MI, Joseph NJ, Salem MR, Klowden AJ. The neuromuscular effects and tracheal intubation conditions after small doses of succinylcholine. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1680-5. PubMed PMID: 15155328.
23. Seupaul RA, Jones JH. Evidence-based emergency medicine. Does succinylcholine maximize intubating conditions better than rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation? Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:301-2. PubMed PMID: 20869137.
24. Martyn JA, Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states: etiologic factors and molecular mechanisms. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:158-69. Review.
25. Dodson BA, Kelly BJ, Braswell LM, Cohen NH. Changes in acetylcholine receptor number in muscle from critically ill patients receiving muscle relaxants: An investigation of the molecular mechanism of prolonged paralysis. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:815-21.
26. Walz JM, Zayaruzny M, Heard SO. Airway management in critical illness. Chest. 2007;131:608-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 17296669.
27. Jones RM, Healy TE. Anaesthesia and demyelinating disease. Anaesthesia. 1980;35:879-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 7004260.
28. Cooperman LH. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in neuromuscular disease. JAMA. 1970;213:1867-71. PubMed PMID: 5468914.
29. Leiman BC, Katz J, Butler BD. Mechanisms of succinylcholine-induced arrhythmias in hypoxic or hypoxic: hypercarbic dogs. Anesth Analg. 1987;66:1292-7.
30. Sluga M, UmmenhoferW, StuderW, Siegemund M, Marsch SC. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized trial in mergent cases. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1356-61. PubMed PMID: 16243994.
31. Andrews JI, Kumar N, van den Brom RH, Olkkola KT, Roest GJ, Wright PM. A large simple randomized trial of rocuronium versus succinylcholine in rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia along with propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999;43:4-8. PubMed PMID: 9926179.
32. Patanwala AE, Stahle SA, Sakles JC, Erstad BL. Comparison of succinylcholine and rocuronium for first-attempt intubation success in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:10-4.
33. Harris CE, Murray AM, Anderson JM, Grounds RM, Morgan M. Effects of thiopentone, etomidate and propofol on the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia. 1988;43 Suppl:32-6. PubMed PMID: 3259093.
34. Miller DR, Martineau RJ, O'Brien H, Hull KA, Oliveras L, Hindmarsh T, et al. Effects of alfentanil on the hemodynamic and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:1040-6. PubMed PMID: 8484505.
35. O'Hare R, McAtamney D, Mirakhur RK, Hughes D, Carabine U. Bolus dose remifentanil for control of haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:283-5. PubMed PMID: 10365011.
36. Palencia-Herrejón E, Borrallo-Pérez JM, Pardo-Rey C. Grupo de Trabajo de Analgesia y Sedación de la SEMICYUC. Intubation of the critical patient. Med Intensiva. 2008;32(Especial n.◦ 1):3-11.
37. Vanner RG, Asai T. Safe use of cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:1-3. PubMed PMID: 10209362.
38. Robinson JS, Thompson JM. Fatal aspiration (Mendelson's) syndrome despite antacids and cricoid pressure. Lancet. 1979;2:228-30. PubMed PMID: 89335.
39. Williamson R. Cricoid pressure. Can J Anaesth. 1989;36:601. PubMed PMID: 2791184.
40. Haslam N, Parker L, Duggan JE. Effect of cricoid pressure on the view at laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:41-7. PubMed PMID: 15601271.
41. Grmec S. Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:701-4. PubMed PMID: 12107674.
42. Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B, Thundiyil J, Rothrock SG, Senn A, et al. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:497-503. PubMed PMID: 15855946.
43. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122 18 Suppl 3:S729-67. Review. Erratum in: Circulation. 2011 Feb 15; 123(6):e236. PubMed PMID: 20956224.
44. Nolan JP, Hazinski MF, Billi JE, Boettiger BW, Bossaert L, De Caen AR, et al. Part 1: executive summary: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2010;81:e1-25.
45. Havel C, Arrich J, Losert H, Gamper G, Müllner M, Herkner H. Vasopressors for hypotensive shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;5:CD003709. Review. PubMed PMID: 21563137.
46. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, et al., SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:779-89.
47. Petrucci N, Iacovelli W. Lung protective ventilation strategy for the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD003844. Review.
48. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, Magaldi RB, Schettino GP, Lorenzi-Filho G, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:347-54. PubMed PMID: 9449727.
49. Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, De Tullio R, Dayer JM, Brienza A, et al. Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:54-61.
50. Brower RG, Shanholtz CB, Fessler HE, Shade DM, White Jr. P, Wiener CM, et al. Prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Critical Care Medicine. 1999;27:1492-8.
2. Garcia M. Observations on the human voice. Proc R Soc Lond. 1854;7:399-410.
3. von Esmarch F. Handbuch der Kriegschirurgischen Technik. Hannover, Germany: Carl Rumpler; 1877.
4. Kirstein A. Autoskopie des Larynx und der Trachea. Berl Klin Wochenschr. 1895;32:476-8.
5. Killian G. Ueber directe Brochoskopie. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1898;45:844-7.
6. Jaber S, Jung B, Corne P, Sebbane M, Muller L, Chanques G, et al. An intervention to decrease complications related to endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:248-55.
7. Schmidt UH, Kumwilaisak K, Bittner E, George E, Hess D. Effects of supervision by attending anesthesiologists on complications of emergency tracheal intubation. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:973-7.
8. Vincent JL. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Annual, Volume 2009. Germany: Springer; 2009.
9. Miller R. Miller's Anesthesia. 7th ed. United States of America: Elsevier; 2010.
10. Weiler N, Heinrichs W, Dick W. Assessment of pulmonary mechanics and gastric inflation pressure during mask ventilation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1995;10:101-5. PubMed PMID: 10155411.
11. Clements P, Washington SJ, McCluskey A. Should patients be manually ventilated during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia? Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2009;70:424.
12. Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:675-94.
13. El-Orbany M, Connolly LA. Rapid sequence induction and intubation: current controversy. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1318-25. Review. PubMed PMID: 20237045.
14. Baillard C, Fosse JP, Sebbane M, Chanques G, Vincent F, Courouble P, et al. Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:171-7. PubMed PMID: 16627862.
15. Stept WJ, Safar P. Rapid induction-intubation for prevention of gastric-content aspiration. Anesth Analg. 1970;49:633-6. PubMed PMID: 5534675.
16. Dobson AP, McCluskey A, Meakin G, Baker RD. Effective time to satisfactory intubation conditions after administration of rocuronium in adults. Comparison of propofol and thiopentone for rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:172-6. PubMed PMID: 10215713.
17. White PF. Comparative evaluation of intravenous agents for rapid sequence induction-thiopental, ketamine, and midazolam. Anesthesiology. 1982;57:279-84. PubMed PMID: 7125264.
18. Yeung JK, Zed PJ. A review of etomidate for rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department. CJEM. 2002;4:194-8. PubMed PMID: 17609005.
19. Dean P. Should etomidate be used for rapid-sequence intubation induction in critically ill septic patients? Probably not. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26:728-9, author reply 729-730.
20. Werther JR. Ketamine anesthesia. Anesth Prog. 1985;32:185-8.
21. Barr AM, Thornley BA. Thiopentone and suxamethonium crash induction. An assessment of the potential hazards. Anaesthesia. 1976;31:23-9.
22. El-Orbany MI, Joseph NJ, Salem MR, Klowden AJ. The neuromuscular effects and tracheal intubation conditions after small doses of succinylcholine. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1680-5. PubMed PMID: 15155328.
23. Seupaul RA, Jones JH. Evidence-based emergency medicine. Does succinylcholine maximize intubating conditions better than rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation? Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:301-2. PubMed PMID: 20869137.
24. Martyn JA, Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states: etiologic factors and molecular mechanisms. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:158-69. Review.
25. Dodson BA, Kelly BJ, Braswell LM, Cohen NH. Changes in acetylcholine receptor number in muscle from critically ill patients receiving muscle relaxants: An investigation of the molecular mechanism of prolonged paralysis. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:815-21.
26. Walz JM, Zayaruzny M, Heard SO. Airway management in critical illness. Chest. 2007;131:608-20. Review. PubMed PMID: 17296669.
27. Jones RM, Healy TE. Anaesthesia and demyelinating disease. Anaesthesia. 1980;35:879-84. Review. PubMed PMID: 7004260.
28. Cooperman LH. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in neuromuscular disease. JAMA. 1970;213:1867-71. PubMed PMID: 5468914.
29. Leiman BC, Katz J, Butler BD. Mechanisms of succinylcholine-induced arrhythmias in hypoxic or hypoxic: hypercarbic dogs. Anesth Analg. 1987;66:1292-7.
30. Sluga M, UmmenhoferW, StuderW, Siegemund M, Marsch SC. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized trial in mergent cases. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1356-61. PubMed PMID: 16243994.
31. Andrews JI, Kumar N, van den Brom RH, Olkkola KT, Roest GJ, Wright PM. A large simple randomized trial of rocuronium versus succinylcholine in rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia along with propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999;43:4-8. PubMed PMID: 9926179.
32. Patanwala AE, Stahle SA, Sakles JC, Erstad BL. Comparison of succinylcholine and rocuronium for first-attempt intubation success in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:10-4.
33. Harris CE, Murray AM, Anderson JM, Grounds RM, Morgan M. Effects of thiopentone, etomidate and propofol on the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia. 1988;43 Suppl:32-6. PubMed PMID: 3259093.
34. Miller DR, Martineau RJ, O'Brien H, Hull KA, Oliveras L, Hindmarsh T, et al. Effects of alfentanil on the hemodynamic and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:1040-6. PubMed PMID: 8484505.
35. O'Hare R, McAtamney D, Mirakhur RK, Hughes D, Carabine U. Bolus dose remifentanil for control of haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:283-5. PubMed PMID: 10365011.
36. Palencia-Herrejón E, Borrallo-Pérez JM, Pardo-Rey C. Grupo de Trabajo de Analgesia y Sedación de la SEMICYUC. Intubation of the critical patient. Med Intensiva. 2008;32(Especial n.◦ 1):3-11.
37. Vanner RG, Asai T. Safe use of cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia. 1999;54:1-3. PubMed PMID: 10209362.
38. Robinson JS, Thompson JM. Fatal aspiration (Mendelson's) syndrome despite antacids and cricoid pressure. Lancet. 1979;2:228-30. PubMed PMID: 89335.
39. Williamson R. Cricoid pressure. Can J Anaesth. 1989;36:601. PubMed PMID: 2791184.
40. Haslam N, Parker L, Duggan JE. Effect of cricoid pressure on the view at laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:41-7. PubMed PMID: 15601271.
41. Grmec S. Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:701-4. PubMed PMID: 12107674.
42. Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B, Thundiyil J, Rothrock SG, Senn A, et al. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:497-503. PubMed PMID: 15855946.
43. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122 18 Suppl 3:S729-67. Review. Erratum in: Circulation. 2011 Feb 15; 123(6):e236. PubMed PMID: 20956224.
44. Nolan JP, Hazinski MF, Billi JE, Boettiger BW, Bossaert L, De Caen AR, et al. Part 1: executive summary: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2010;81:e1-25.
45. Havel C, Arrich J, Losert H, Gamper G, Müllner M, Herkner H. Vasopressors for hypotensive shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;5:CD003709. Review. PubMed PMID: 21563137.
46. De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, et al., SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:779-89.
47. Petrucci N, Iacovelli W. Lung protective ventilation strategy for the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD003844. Review.
48. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, Magaldi RB, Schettino GP, Lorenzi-Filho G, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:347-54. PubMed PMID: 9449727.
49. Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, De Tullio R, Dayer JM, Brienza A, et al. Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:54-61.
50. Brower RG, Shanholtz CB, Fessler HE, Shade DM, White Jr. P, Wiener CM, et al. Prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Critical Care Medicine. 1999;27:1492-8.
How to Cite
1.
Poveda Jaramillo R, Dueñas Castell C, Ortiz Ruiz G. Rapid sequence intubation in the intensive care unit. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2013 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 May 5];41(1):24-33. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/546
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2013-01-01
How to Cite
1.
Poveda Jaramillo R, Dueñas Castell C, Ortiz Ruiz G. Rapid sequence intubation in the intensive care unit. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2013 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 May 5];41(1):24-33. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/546
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Narrative review
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