Pediatric perioperative bleeding - basic considerations
Keywords:
Hemostasis, Hemorrhage, Child, Blood coagulation.
Abstract
Massive perioperative bleeding following major surgery or trauma is one of the main causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the pediatric patient. Non-surgical or coagulopathic bleeding may be caused by a congenital or acquired coagulation disorder that was undetected prior to surgery, by disorders in the coagulation cascade resulting from specific surgical interventions such as liver transplantation or cardiopulmonary bypass to repair congenital heart diseases, or when massive blood losses develop as in children with severe multiple trauma, major surgery, craniosynostosis and scoliosis. Hence, their management requires adequate preoperative evaluation to identify the children at high risk of bleeding and thus be always prepared for massive intraoperative bleeding, in addition to perform early interventions to prevent the multiple complications of coagulopathy in hemorrhagic shock, such as hypothermia, acidosis and hemodilution.
References
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39. Koh JL, Gries H. Perioperative management of pediatric patients with craniosynostosis. Anesthesiology Clinics. 2007;25:465-81.
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41. Haas Taffies D, Oswald E. Fibrinnogen in craniosynostosis surgery. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:725-31.
42. Scalea T. Hemostatic resuscitation for acute traumatic coagulopathy. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2011;19:2-4.
43. Tieu B, Halcomb J, Schreiber M. Coagulopathy: its pathophisiology and treatment in the injured patient. World J Surg. 2007;31:1055-64.
44. Spahn D, Rossaint R. Coagulopathy and blood component transfusion in trauma. Br J Anaesth. 2005;2:130-9.
45. Shaz B, Dente CH, Harris R, MacLeod J, Hillyer Ch. Transfusion management of trauma patients. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:1760-71.
46. Wojciechowski PJ, Samol N, Walker J. Coagulopathy in massive transfusion. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2005;43: 1-20.
47. Kozek-Langenecker S. Management of massive operative blood loss. Minerva Anesthesiol. 2007;73:401-15.
48. Beekley A. Damage control resuscitation: a sensible approach to the exsanguinating surgical patient. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:s267-74.
49. British Committee for Standards in Hematology. Guidelines on the management of massive blood loss. Br J Haematol. 2006;135:634-41.
50. Bollinger D, Gorlinger K, Tanaka K. Pathophysiology and treatment of coagulopathy in massive hemorrhage and hemodilution. Anesthesiology. 2010;113:1205-19.
51. Johanson P, Ostrowsky R, Secher H. Management of major blood loss: An update. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54:1039-49.
52. Potzch B, Ivaskevicius V. Haemostasis management of massive bleeding. Hämostaseologie. 2011;31:15-20.
53. Thomas D, Wee M, Clyburn P, Walker I. Blood transfusion and the anaesthetist: management of massive haemorrhage. Anaesthesia. 2010;65:1153-61.
54. Zuluaga Giraldo M. Manejo del sangrado perioperatorio en niños. Revisión paso a paso. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2013;41:50-6.
2. Jimenez N, Posner K, Cheney F. An update on pediatric anesthesia liability: a closed claim analysis. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:147-53.
3. Guay J, Moerloose P, Lasne D. Minimizing perioperative blood loss and transfusions in children. Can J Anesth. 2006;53:s59-67.
4. Weber T, Hartlage G, van Aken L. Anesthetic strategies to reduce perioperative blood loss in pediatric surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2003;20:175-81.
5. Manzebach A, Cassens U, van Aken H, Booke M. Strategies to reduce perioperative blood loss related to non-surgical bleeding. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2003;20:764-70.
6. Koh M, Hunt B. The management of perioperative bleeding. Blood Rev. 2003;17:179-85.
7. Kuhle S, Male CH, Mitchel L. Developmental hemostasis: proand anticoagulants systems during childhood. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003;29:329-39.
8. Guzzetta N, Miller B. Principles of hemostasis in children: models and maturation. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21:39.
9. Levy JH, Dutton RP, Hemphill 3rd JC, Shander A, Cooper D, Paidas MJ, et al., Hemostasis Summit Participants. Multidisciplinary approach to the challenge of hemostasis. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:354-64.
10. Monagle P, Ignjatovic V, Savoja H. Hemostasis in neonates and children: Pitfalls and dilemmas. Blood Rev. 2010;24:63-8.
11. Kenet G, Strauss T, Kaplinsky CH, Paret G. Hemostasis and thrombosis in critically ill children. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2008;34:451-8.
12. Lippi G, Franchini M, Montagnana M, Guidi G. Coagulation testing in pediatric patients: The young are not just miniature adults. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2007;33:816-21.
13. Cosmi B, Alatri A, Cattaneo M, Gresele P, Marietta M, Rodeghiero F, et al., Italian Society for Haemostasis and Thrombosis. Assessment of the risk of bleeding in patients undergoing surgery or invasive Procedures: Guidelines of the Italian Society for Haemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET). Thromb Res. 2009;124:e6-12.
14. Liambruno G, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccolo P. Recommendations for the transfusion management of patients in the perioperative period. I. The pre-operative period. Blood Transfus. 2011;9:19-40.
15. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the assessment of bleeding risk prior surgery or invasive procedures. Br J Haematol. 2008;140:496-504.
16. Johnson L, Gittelman M. Management of bleeding diathesis: A case-based approach. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine. 2005;6:149-55.
17. Liesner R. Management of coagulation disorders in children. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2007;17:322-7.
18. Ng VL. Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time assay considerations. Clin Lab Med. 2009;29:253-63.
19. Rochon A, Lasserson L. Coagulation monitoring. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2006;24:839-56.
20. Sharatkumar A, Pipe S. Bleeding disorders. Pediatr Rev. 2008;29:121-30.
21. Murphy P. Complex coagulation abnormalities. ASA Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology. 2008;36:109-17.
22. Sarnaik A, Kamat D, Kannikeswaran N. Diagnosis and management of bleeding disorder in a child. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2010;49:422-31.
23. Kenet G, Krumpel A. Nowak bleeding issues in neonates, infants and young children. Thromb Res. 2009;123 Suppl 2:S35-7.
24. Khair K, Liesner R. Bruising and bleeding in infants and children -a practical approach. Br J Haematol. 2006;133:221-31.
25. Amigo Bello MC. Fisiopatologia y trastornos de coagulación. Pediatr Integral. 2008;XII:469-80.
26. Soliman D, Broadman L. Coagulation Defects. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2006;24:549-78.
27. Innerhofer P, Kienast J. Principles of perioperative coagulopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2010;24: 1-14.
28. Adams G, Manson R, Turner I, Sindram D. The balance of thrombosis and hemorrhage in surgery. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2007;21:13-24.
29. Eaton M, Lannoli E. Coagulation considerations for infants and children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21:31-42.
30. McEwen A. Aspects of bleeding after cardiac surgery in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007;17:1126-33.
31. Ng VL. Liver disease coagulation testing and hemostasis. Clin Lab Med. 2009;29:265-82.
32. Munoz S, Stravitz R, Gabriel D. Coagulopathy of acute liver failure. Clin Liver Dis. 2009;13:95-107.
33. Ozier Y, Albi A. Liver transplantation and transfusion. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2004;42:147-62.
34. Bird S, McGill N. Blood conservation and pain control in scoliosis corrective surgery: an online survey of UK practice. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21:50-3.
35. Godet C, Colomina M. Anestesia para cirugía de escoliosis. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2005;52:24-43.
36. Entwistle M, Patel D. Scoliosis surgery in children. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2006;6:13-6.
37. Shapiro F, Sethna N. Blood loss in pediattic spine surgery. Eur Spine J. 2004;1:S6-17.
38. Stricker P, Fiadjoe J, Davis A. Reconstituted blood reduces blood donor exposures in children undergoing craniofacial reconstruction surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21:54-61.
39. Koh JL, Gries H. Perioperative management of pediatric patients with craniosynostosis. Anesthesiology Clinics. 2007;25:465-81.
40. Di Rocco C, Tamburrini G, Pietrini D. Blood sparing in craniosynostosis surgery. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11:278-87.
41. Haas Taffies D, Oswald E. Fibrinnogen in craniosynostosis surgery. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:725-31.
42. Scalea T. Hemostatic resuscitation for acute traumatic coagulopathy. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2011;19:2-4.
43. Tieu B, Halcomb J, Schreiber M. Coagulopathy: its pathophisiology and treatment in the injured patient. World J Surg. 2007;31:1055-64.
44. Spahn D, Rossaint R. Coagulopathy and blood component transfusion in trauma. Br J Anaesth. 2005;2:130-9.
45. Shaz B, Dente CH, Harris R, MacLeod J, Hillyer Ch. Transfusion management of trauma patients. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:1760-71.
46. Wojciechowski PJ, Samol N, Walker J. Coagulopathy in massive transfusion. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2005;43: 1-20.
47. Kozek-Langenecker S. Management of massive operative blood loss. Minerva Anesthesiol. 2007;73:401-15.
48. Beekley A. Damage control resuscitation: a sensible approach to the exsanguinating surgical patient. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:s267-74.
49. British Committee for Standards in Hematology. Guidelines on the management of massive blood loss. Br J Haematol. 2006;135:634-41.
50. Bollinger D, Gorlinger K, Tanaka K. Pathophysiology and treatment of coagulopathy in massive hemorrhage and hemodilution. Anesthesiology. 2010;113:1205-19.
51. Johanson P, Ostrowsky R, Secher H. Management of major blood loss: An update. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54:1039-49.
52. Potzch B, Ivaskevicius V. Haemostasis management of massive bleeding. Hämostaseologie. 2011;31:15-20.
53. Thomas D, Wee M, Clyburn P, Walker I. Blood transfusion and the anaesthetist: management of massive haemorrhage. Anaesthesia. 2010;65:1153-61.
54. Zuluaga Giraldo M. Manejo del sangrado perioperatorio en niños. Revisión paso a paso. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2013;41:50-6.
How to Cite
1.
Zuluaga Giraldo M. Pediatric perioperative bleeding - basic considerations. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2013 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 May 5];41(1):44-9. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/638
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2013-01-01
How to Cite
1.
Zuluaga Giraldo M. Pediatric perioperative bleeding - basic considerations. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2013 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 May 5];41(1):44-9. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/638
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