Regional anesthesia guided by ultrasound in the pudendal nerve territory
Keywords:
Ultrasonography, Ultrasonography interventional, Pudendal nerve, Anesthesia regional, Nerve block
Abstract
Introduction:
Pudendal nerve blocks have a wide range of clinical applications for the management of acute post-operative pain in urologic, gynecological surgery, in coloproctology, as well as in pain medicine for differential diagnosis, and for the management of pudendal neuropathies. However, despite its benefits it is infrequently used.
Objective:
To perform a detailed description of the most recent ultrasound-guided techniques with the aim of encouraging safe and reproducible learning.
Materials and methods:
We have performed a broad, non-systematic review of the literature through Medline, Embase and Science Direct between 1985 and 2016, to evaluate the most relevant articles, using the following key words: pudendal nerve anatomy, pudendal nerve, pudendal nerve blocks, pudendal nerve ultrasound, pudendal neuralgia, nerve entrapment, chronic pain, Alcock canal, and pelvic pain. The search was limited to articles published in Spanish, English and French.
Results:
Recent descriptions were found of a large number of anatomic variants, which are described in detail and shown in graphic documents in order to facilitate the sonoanatomic correlation of nerve location as a guide for the performance of the pudendal nerve block through the different approaches.
Conclusions:
The deep and detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its variations is essential for the realization of Regional Anesthesia techniques guided by images. These promising techniques should continue to be evaluated with clinical studies.
References
1. Parras T, Blanco R. Bloqueo pudendo ecoguiado Ultrasond Guided Pudendal Block. Cir Mayor Ambul. 2013;18:31-5.
2. Fichtner Bendtsen T, Parras T, Moriggl B, Chan V, Lundby L, Buntzen S, et al. Ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block at the entrance of the pudendal (Alcock) canal description of anatomy and clinical technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41:140-5.
3. Imbelloni LE, Vieira EM, Gouveia MA, Netinho JG, Spirandelli LD, Cordeiro JA. Pudendal block with bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:1656-61.
4. Relato A, Case P. Bloqueio bilateral do nervo pudendo para hemorroidectomia. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2006;56:168-73.
5. Kim J, Lee DS, Jang SM, Shim MC, Jee DL. The effect of pudendal block on voiding after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:518-23.
6. Cubes J, Siver S, Zabala S, Llopis R. Nerve stimulator guided pudendal block in hemorrhoidectomy for postoperative pain relief. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:E166.
7. Parras T, Blanco R. Bloqueo perineal ecoguiado: abordaje anterior como técnica analgésica en vulvectomía. EuroEco. 2014;5:95-7.
8. Reding C, Ramirez P, Villagomez Z, Barbolla J, Rosique I. Bloqueo de Nervios Pudendos en Obstetricia. In: Memorias del IX Congreso Mexicano de Anestesiología, 1962 Nov; Mexico DF, Mexico: 1962.
9. Aissaoui Y, Bruyere R, Mustapha H, Bry D, Kamili ND, Miller C. A randomized controlled trial of pudendal nerve block for pain relief after episiotomy. Obstet Anesth Dig. 2009;29:101.
10. Arslan M, Yazici G, Dilek U. Pudendal nerve block for pain relief in episiotomy repair. Obstet Anesth Dig. 2005;87:156-7.
11. Venegas-Ocampo P, Castillo-De Lira H, Robles-Scott M, Landa-Soler M, López-Mariscal M, Mendoza-Peña F, et al. Comparación de la efectividad del bloqueo perineal de los nervios pudendos como método anestésico en la biopsia transrectal de próstata guiada por ultrasonido. Rev Mex Urol. 2010;70:164-70.
12. Schenck M, Schenck C, Rübben H, Stuschke M, Schneider T, Eisenhardt A, et al. Pudendal nerve block in HDR-brachytherapy patients: do we really need general or regional anesthesia? World J Urol. 2013;31:417-21.
13. Lean LL, Hegarty D, Harmon D. Analgesic effect of bilateral ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve blocks in management of interstitial cystitis. J Anesth. 2012;26:128-9.
14. Sedy J, Nanka O, Spaskova J, Jarolim L. Clinical implications of a close vicinity of nervus dorsalis penis/clitoridis and os pubis. J Sex Med. 2008;5:1572-81.
15. Weinschenk S, Hollmann MW, Strowitzki T. New perineal injection technique for pudendal nerve infiltration in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;293:805-13.
16. Vancaillie T, Eggermont J, Armstrong G, Jarvis S, Liu J, Beg N. Response to pudendal nerve block in women with pudendal neuralgia. Pain Med. 2012;13:596-603.
17. Guan Y, Wendong S, Zhao S, Liu T, Liu Y, Zhang X, et al. The vascular and neurogenic factors associated with erectile dysfunction in patients after pelvic fractures. Int Braz J Urol. 2015;41:959-66.
18. Itza Santos F, Salinas J, Zarza D, Gómez Sancha F, Allona Almagro A. Update in pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome: an approach anatomic-surgical, diagnostic and therapeutic. Actas Urol Esp. 2010;34:500-9.
19. Spinosa J, Bisschop EDE, Laurencon J. Original article differential staged sacral reflexes allow a localization of pudendal neuralgia. J Neurosci. 2009;28:24-8.
20. Antolak SJ, Power Point Pudendal nerve perineural injections. Effective treatment of pudendal neuropathy; 2011.
21. Royse CF, Canty DJ, Faris J, Haji DL, Veltman M, Royse A. Core review: physician-performed ultrasound: the time has come for routine use in acute care medicine. Anesth Analg. 2012;115:1007-28.
22. Gelfand HJ, Ouanes JPP, Lesley MR, Ko PS, Murphy JD, Sumida SM, et al. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2011;23:90-6.
23. Neal JM, Brull R, Chan VWS, Grant Sa, Horn J-L, Liu SS, et al. The ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and pain medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35 Suppl. 1:S1-9.
24. Carli F, Kehlet H, Baldini G, Steel A, McRae K, Slinger P, et al. Evidence basis for regional anesthesia in multidisciplinary fast-track surgical care pathways. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36:63-72.
25. Mathur V, Bravos ED, Vallera C, Wu CL. Regional anesthesia and patient outcomes: evidence-based medicine. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag. 2008;12:163-70.
26. Fischer B. Benefits, risks, and best practice in regional anesthesia: do we have the evidence we need? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010;35:545-8.
27. Helayel PE, Bruggemann D, Rodrigues G. Bloqueos Nerviosos Guiados por Ultrasonido. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2007;57:60-70.
28. Liu SS. Evidence basis for ultrasound-guided block characteristics onset, quality, and duration. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40:1.
29. Liu SS, Ngeow JE, YaDeau JT. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:47-59.
30. McCartney CJL, Lin L, Shastri U. Evidence basis for the use of ultrasound for upper-extremity blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35 Suppl.:S10-5.
31. Gart MS, Gosain AK. Evidence-based medicine. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134:1345-55.
32. Han SM, Moon DE, Kim YH, Park H, Lee MK, Sa G. Ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve pulsed radiofrequency in patients with refractory pudendal neuralgia Anesth Pain. 2014;9:250-3.
33. Gorniak G, King PM. The peripheral neuroanatomy of the pelvic floor. J Women's Heal Phys Ther. 2016;40:3-14.
34. Guaderrama NM, Liu J, Nager CW, Pretorius DH, Sheean G, Kassab G, et al. Evidence for the innervation of pelvic floor muscles by the pudendal nerve. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:774-81.
35. Colebunders B, Matthew MK, Broerm N, PersingJA, Dellon AL. Benjamin Alcock and the pudendal canal. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2011;27:349-53.
36. Hawtrey CE, Williams RD. Historical Evolutio of transurethral resection at the University of Iowa: Alcock and Flocks. J Urol. 2008;180:55-61.
37. Amarenco G, Lanoe Y, Perrigot M. A new canal syndrome: compression of the pudendal nerve in Alcock's canal or perinal paralysis of cyclists. Press Med. 1987;16:399.
38. Hruby S, Ebmer J, Dellon AL, Aszmann OC. Anatomy of pudendal nerve at urogenital diaphragm - New critical site for nerve entrapment. Urology. 2005;66:949-52.
39. Robert R, Prat-Pradal D, Labat JJ, Bensignor M, Raoul S, Rebai R, et al. Anatomic basis of chronic perineal pain: role of the pudendal nerve. Surg Radiol Anat. 1998;20:93-8.
40. Maldonado PA, Chin K, Garcia AA, Corton MM Anatomic variations of pudendal nerve within pelvis and pudendal canal: clinical applications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213, 727e1-6.
41. Mahakkanukrauh P, Surin P, Vaidhayakarn P. Anatomical study of the pudendal nerve adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament. Clin Anat. 2005;18:200-5.
42. Gabrielli C, Olave E. Aspectos Anatómicos y Topográ ficos del Nervio Pudendo en la Regi ó n Glútea. Int J Morphol. 2011;29:168-73.
43. Furtmüller GJ, McKenna CA, Ebmer J, Dellon AL. Pudendal nerve 3-dimensional illustration gives insight into surgical approaches. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73:670-8.
44. Grigorescu BA, Lazarou G, Olson TR, Downie SA, Powers K, Greston WM, et al. Innervation of the levator ani muscles: description of the nerve branches to the pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and puborectalis muscles. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19:107-16.
45. O'Bichere A, Green C, Phillips RK. New, simple approach for maximal pudendal nerve exposure: anomalies and prospects for functional reconstruction. Dis Colo Rectum. 2000;43:956-60.
46. Ogiwara H, Morota N. Pudendal afferents mapping in posterior sacral rhizotomies. Neurosurgery. 2014;74:171-5.
47. Shafik A, El-Sherif M, Youssef A, Olfat ES. Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its clinical implications. Clin Anat. 1995;8:110-5.
48. Martens FMJ, Heesakkers JPFA, Rijkhoff NJM. Surgical access for electrical stimulation of the pudendal and dorsal genital nerves in the overactive bladder: a review. J Urol. 2011;186:798-804.
49. Bellingham GA, Bhatia A, Chan C-W, Peng PW. Randomized controlled trial comparing pudendal nerve block under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:262-6.
50. Beco J, Pesce F, Siroky M, Weiss J, Antola S. Pudendal neuropathy and its pivotal role in pelvic floor dysfunction and pain. In: ICS/IUGA conference. 2010. p. 0-12.
51. Benson JT, Griffis K. Pudendal neuralgia, a severe pain syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(SPEC. ISS): 1663-8.
52. Hwang K, Nam YS, Kim DJ, Han SH, Hwang SH. Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh relating to the restoration of the gluteal fold. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60:357-61.
53. Thompson J, Gibb J, Genadry R, Burrows L, Lambrou N, Buller JL. Anatomy of pelvic arteries adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament: importance of the Coccygeal Branch of the Inferior Gluteal Artery. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:973-7.
54. Khoder W, Hale D. Pudendal neuralgia, vol. 41. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America; 2014. p. 443-52.
55. Stav K, Dwyer PL, Roberts L. Pudendal neuralgia. Fact or fiction? Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2009;64:190-9.
56. Bondar A, Egan M, Jochum D, Amarenco G, Bouaziz H. Case report: pudendal nerve injury after a sciatic nerve block by the posterior approach. Anesth Analg. 2010;111: 573-5.
57. Van der Walt S, Oettlé a C, Patel HRH. Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its branches in South Africans. Int J Impot Res. 2015;27:128-32.
58. Van der Walt S, Oettlé AC, van Wijk FJ. The pudendal nerve and its branches in relation to Richter's procedure. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2016;81:275-9.
59. Rofaeel A, Peng P, Louis I, Chan V.Feasibility of real-time ultrasound for pudendal nerve block in patients with chronic perineal pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:139-45.
60. Tagliafico A, Perez MM, Martinoli C. High-Resolution ultrasound of the pudendal nerve: normal anatomy. Muscle Nerve. 2013;47:403-8.
61. Tagliafico A, Bignotti B, Miguel Perez M, Reni L, Bodner G, Martinoli C. Contribution of ultrasound in the assessment of patients with suspect idiopathic pudendal nerve disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125:1278-84.
62. Silverman D, Chan L, Gray D, Wein A, Harty M, Smith T. Pudendal nerve block in the Greater Sciatic Foramen a New Technique for transurethral Surgery. Reg Anesth. 1987;12:143-7.
63. Prat-Pradal D, Metge L, Gagnard-Landra C, Mares P,Dauzat M, Godlewski G. Anatomical basis of transgluteal pudendal nerve block. Surg Radiol Anat. 2009;31:289-93.
64. Kovacs P, Gruber H. Study of Pudendal Nerve Location with Ultrasound. In: IUGA. Innsbruck, Austria, Innsbruck Medical University Department of Radiology Anichstr. 35, Sept 6-9 2006. p. 2-5.
65. Shafik A, Doss SH. Pudendal canal: surgical anatomy and clinical implications. Am Surg. 1999;65:176-80.
66. Kim SH, Song SG, Paek OJ, Lee HJ, Park DH, Lee JK. Nerve-stimulator-guided pudendal nerve block by pararectal approach. Color Dis. 2012;14:611-5.
67. Ricci P, Lema R, Sola V,Wash A, Pardo J. Infiltración del nervio Pudendo guiada por Tomografía Axial Computada, por vía transglutea: terapia frente al dolor ocasionado por neuralgia del nervio pudendo. Rev Chil Obstet Ginecol. 2009;74: 94-101.
68. Torres JH, Bernal S, Felice GAT, Bernat JB. Tratamiento del dolor perineal crónico causado por neuralgia del nervio pudendo mediante radiofrecuencia Objetivo docente. Radiologia. 2014;56:1-21 ((Espec Cong): 221).
69. Calvillo O, Skaribas IM, Rockett C. Computed tomography-guided pudendal nerve block. A new diagnostic approach to long-term anoperineal pain: a report of two cases. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:420-3.
70. Peng PWH, Tumber PS. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for patients with chronic pelvic pain - a description of techniques and review of literature. Pain Phys. 2008;11:215-24.
71. Bhatia A, Brull R. Is ultrasound guidance advantageous for interventional pain management? A systematic review of chronic pain outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2013;117: 236-51.
72. Gofeld M. Ultrasonography in Pain Medicine: a critical review. Pain Practice. 2008;8:226-40.
73. Kovacs P, Gruber H, Piegger J, Bodner G. New, simple, ultrasound-guided infiltration of the pudendal nerve: ultrasonographic technique. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1381-5.
74. Narouze S, Peng PWH. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in pain medicine: a review of anatomy, sonoanatomy, and procedures. Part II: axial structures. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;35:386-96.
75. Elahi F, Callahan D, Greenlee J, Dann TL. Pudendal entrapment neuropathy: a rare complication of pelvic radiation therapy. Pain Phys. 2013;16:E793-7.
76. Kowalska B, Sudol-szopmska I. Anatomia prawidlowa i ultrasonograficzna wybranych nerwów obwodowych. Czesc II: Wybrane nerwy obwodowe koñczyny górnej Normal and sonographic anatomy of selected peripheral nerves. Part II: Peripheral nerves of the upper limb. J Ultrason. 2012:131-47.
77. Naja Z, Ziade MF. Nerve stimulator guided pudendal nerve block decreases posthemorrhoidectomy pain. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:62-8.
78. Abdallah FW, Macfarlane AJR, Brull R. The requisites of needle-to-nerve proximity for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: a scoping review of the evidence. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41:221-8.
2. Fichtner Bendtsen T, Parras T, Moriggl B, Chan V, Lundby L, Buntzen S, et al. Ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block at the entrance of the pudendal (Alcock) canal description of anatomy and clinical technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41:140-5.
3. Imbelloni LE, Vieira EM, Gouveia MA, Netinho JG, Spirandelli LD, Cordeiro JA. Pudendal block with bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:1656-61.
4. Relato A, Case P. Bloqueio bilateral do nervo pudendo para hemorroidectomia. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2006;56:168-73.
5. Kim J, Lee DS, Jang SM, Shim MC, Jee DL. The effect of pudendal block on voiding after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:518-23.
6. Cubes J, Siver S, Zabala S, Llopis R. Nerve stimulator guided pudendal block in hemorrhoidectomy for postoperative pain relief. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:E166.
7. Parras T, Blanco R. Bloqueo perineal ecoguiado: abordaje anterior como técnica analgésica en vulvectomía. EuroEco. 2014;5:95-7.
8. Reding C, Ramirez P, Villagomez Z, Barbolla J, Rosique I. Bloqueo de Nervios Pudendos en Obstetricia. In: Memorias del IX Congreso Mexicano de Anestesiología, 1962 Nov; Mexico DF, Mexico: 1962.
9. Aissaoui Y, Bruyere R, Mustapha H, Bry D, Kamili ND, Miller C. A randomized controlled trial of pudendal nerve block for pain relief after episiotomy. Obstet Anesth Dig. 2009;29:101.
10. Arslan M, Yazici G, Dilek U. Pudendal nerve block for pain relief in episiotomy repair. Obstet Anesth Dig. 2005;87:156-7.
11. Venegas-Ocampo P, Castillo-De Lira H, Robles-Scott M, Landa-Soler M, López-Mariscal M, Mendoza-Peña F, et al. Comparación de la efectividad del bloqueo perineal de los nervios pudendos como método anestésico en la biopsia transrectal de próstata guiada por ultrasonido. Rev Mex Urol. 2010;70:164-70.
12. Schenck M, Schenck C, Rübben H, Stuschke M, Schneider T, Eisenhardt A, et al. Pudendal nerve block in HDR-brachytherapy patients: do we really need general or regional anesthesia? World J Urol. 2013;31:417-21.
13. Lean LL, Hegarty D, Harmon D. Analgesic effect of bilateral ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve blocks in management of interstitial cystitis. J Anesth. 2012;26:128-9.
14. Sedy J, Nanka O, Spaskova J, Jarolim L. Clinical implications of a close vicinity of nervus dorsalis penis/clitoridis and os pubis. J Sex Med. 2008;5:1572-81.
15. Weinschenk S, Hollmann MW, Strowitzki T. New perineal injection technique for pudendal nerve infiltration in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;293:805-13.
16. Vancaillie T, Eggermont J, Armstrong G, Jarvis S, Liu J, Beg N. Response to pudendal nerve block in women with pudendal neuralgia. Pain Med. 2012;13:596-603.
17. Guan Y, Wendong S, Zhao S, Liu T, Liu Y, Zhang X, et al. The vascular and neurogenic factors associated with erectile dysfunction in patients after pelvic fractures. Int Braz J Urol. 2015;41:959-66.
18. Itza Santos F, Salinas J, Zarza D, Gómez Sancha F, Allona Almagro A. Update in pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome: an approach anatomic-surgical, diagnostic and therapeutic. Actas Urol Esp. 2010;34:500-9.
19. Spinosa J, Bisschop EDE, Laurencon J. Original article differential staged sacral reflexes allow a localization of pudendal neuralgia. J Neurosci. 2009;28:24-8.
20. Antolak SJ, Power Point Pudendal nerve perineural injections. Effective treatment of pudendal neuropathy; 2011.
21. Royse CF, Canty DJ, Faris J, Haji DL, Veltman M, Royse A. Core review: physician-performed ultrasound: the time has come for routine use in acute care medicine. Anesth Analg. 2012;115:1007-28.
22. Gelfand HJ, Ouanes JPP, Lesley MR, Ko PS, Murphy JD, Sumida SM, et al. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2011;23:90-6.
23. Neal JM, Brull R, Chan VWS, Grant Sa, Horn J-L, Liu SS, et al. The ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and pain medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35 Suppl. 1:S1-9.
24. Carli F, Kehlet H, Baldini G, Steel A, McRae K, Slinger P, et al. Evidence basis for regional anesthesia in multidisciplinary fast-track surgical care pathways. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36:63-72.
25. Mathur V, Bravos ED, Vallera C, Wu CL. Regional anesthesia and patient outcomes: evidence-based medicine. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manag. 2008;12:163-70.
26. Fischer B. Benefits, risks, and best practice in regional anesthesia: do we have the evidence we need? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010;35:545-8.
27. Helayel PE, Bruggemann D, Rodrigues G. Bloqueos Nerviosos Guiados por Ultrasonido. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2007;57:60-70.
28. Liu SS. Evidence basis for ultrasound-guided block characteristics onset, quality, and duration. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40:1.
29. Liu SS, Ngeow JE, YaDeau JT. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:47-59.
30. McCartney CJL, Lin L, Shastri U. Evidence basis for the use of ultrasound for upper-extremity blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35 Suppl.:S10-5.
31. Gart MS, Gosain AK. Evidence-based medicine. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;134:1345-55.
32. Han SM, Moon DE, Kim YH, Park H, Lee MK, Sa G. Ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve pulsed radiofrequency in patients with refractory pudendal neuralgia Anesth Pain. 2014;9:250-3.
33. Gorniak G, King PM. The peripheral neuroanatomy of the pelvic floor. J Women's Heal Phys Ther. 2016;40:3-14.
34. Guaderrama NM, Liu J, Nager CW, Pretorius DH, Sheean G, Kassab G, et al. Evidence for the innervation of pelvic floor muscles by the pudendal nerve. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:774-81.
35. Colebunders B, Matthew MK, Broerm N, PersingJA, Dellon AL. Benjamin Alcock and the pudendal canal. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2011;27:349-53.
36. Hawtrey CE, Williams RD. Historical Evolutio of transurethral resection at the University of Iowa: Alcock and Flocks. J Urol. 2008;180:55-61.
37. Amarenco G, Lanoe Y, Perrigot M. A new canal syndrome: compression of the pudendal nerve in Alcock's canal or perinal paralysis of cyclists. Press Med. 1987;16:399.
38. Hruby S, Ebmer J, Dellon AL, Aszmann OC. Anatomy of pudendal nerve at urogenital diaphragm - New critical site for nerve entrapment. Urology. 2005;66:949-52.
39. Robert R, Prat-Pradal D, Labat JJ, Bensignor M, Raoul S, Rebai R, et al. Anatomic basis of chronic perineal pain: role of the pudendal nerve. Surg Radiol Anat. 1998;20:93-8.
40. Maldonado PA, Chin K, Garcia AA, Corton MM Anatomic variations of pudendal nerve within pelvis and pudendal canal: clinical applications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213, 727e1-6.
41. Mahakkanukrauh P, Surin P, Vaidhayakarn P. Anatomical study of the pudendal nerve adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament. Clin Anat. 2005;18:200-5.
42. Gabrielli C, Olave E. Aspectos Anatómicos y Topográ ficos del Nervio Pudendo en la Regi ó n Glútea. Int J Morphol. 2011;29:168-73.
43. Furtmüller GJ, McKenna CA, Ebmer J, Dellon AL. Pudendal nerve 3-dimensional illustration gives insight into surgical approaches. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73:670-8.
44. Grigorescu BA, Lazarou G, Olson TR, Downie SA, Powers K, Greston WM, et al. Innervation of the levator ani muscles: description of the nerve branches to the pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and puborectalis muscles. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19:107-16.
45. O'Bichere A, Green C, Phillips RK. New, simple approach for maximal pudendal nerve exposure: anomalies and prospects for functional reconstruction. Dis Colo Rectum. 2000;43:956-60.
46. Ogiwara H, Morota N. Pudendal afferents mapping in posterior sacral rhizotomies. Neurosurgery. 2014;74:171-5.
47. Shafik A, El-Sherif M, Youssef A, Olfat ES. Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its clinical implications. Clin Anat. 1995;8:110-5.
48. Martens FMJ, Heesakkers JPFA, Rijkhoff NJM. Surgical access for electrical stimulation of the pudendal and dorsal genital nerves in the overactive bladder: a review. J Urol. 2011;186:798-804.
49. Bellingham GA, Bhatia A, Chan C-W, Peng PW. Randomized controlled trial comparing pudendal nerve block under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:262-6.
50. Beco J, Pesce F, Siroky M, Weiss J, Antola S. Pudendal neuropathy and its pivotal role in pelvic floor dysfunction and pain. In: ICS/IUGA conference. 2010. p. 0-12.
51. Benson JT, Griffis K. Pudendal neuralgia, a severe pain syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(SPEC. ISS): 1663-8.
52. Hwang K, Nam YS, Kim DJ, Han SH, Hwang SH. Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh relating to the restoration of the gluteal fold. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60:357-61.
53. Thompson J, Gibb J, Genadry R, Burrows L, Lambrou N, Buller JL. Anatomy of pelvic arteries adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament: importance of the Coccygeal Branch of the Inferior Gluteal Artery. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:973-7.
54. Khoder W, Hale D. Pudendal neuralgia, vol. 41. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America; 2014. p. 443-52.
55. Stav K, Dwyer PL, Roberts L. Pudendal neuralgia. Fact or fiction? Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2009;64:190-9.
56. Bondar A, Egan M, Jochum D, Amarenco G, Bouaziz H. Case report: pudendal nerve injury after a sciatic nerve block by the posterior approach. Anesth Analg. 2010;111: 573-5.
57. Van der Walt S, Oettlé a C, Patel HRH. Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its branches in South Africans. Int J Impot Res. 2015;27:128-32.
58. Van der Walt S, Oettlé AC, van Wijk FJ. The pudendal nerve and its branches in relation to Richter's procedure. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2016;81:275-9.
59. Rofaeel A, Peng P, Louis I, Chan V.Feasibility of real-time ultrasound for pudendal nerve block in patients with chronic perineal pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:139-45.
60. Tagliafico A, Perez MM, Martinoli C. High-Resolution ultrasound of the pudendal nerve: normal anatomy. Muscle Nerve. 2013;47:403-8.
61. Tagliafico A, Bignotti B, Miguel Perez M, Reni L, Bodner G, Martinoli C. Contribution of ultrasound in the assessment of patients with suspect idiopathic pudendal nerve disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;125:1278-84.
62. Silverman D, Chan L, Gray D, Wein A, Harty M, Smith T. Pudendal nerve block in the Greater Sciatic Foramen a New Technique for transurethral Surgery. Reg Anesth. 1987;12:143-7.
63. Prat-Pradal D, Metge L, Gagnard-Landra C, Mares P,Dauzat M, Godlewski G. Anatomical basis of transgluteal pudendal nerve block. Surg Radiol Anat. 2009;31:289-93.
64. Kovacs P, Gruber H. Study of Pudendal Nerve Location with Ultrasound. In: IUGA. Innsbruck, Austria, Innsbruck Medical University Department of Radiology Anichstr. 35, Sept 6-9 2006. p. 2-5.
65. Shafik A, Doss SH. Pudendal canal: surgical anatomy and clinical implications. Am Surg. 1999;65:176-80.
66. Kim SH, Song SG, Paek OJ, Lee HJ, Park DH, Lee JK. Nerve-stimulator-guided pudendal nerve block by pararectal approach. Color Dis. 2012;14:611-5.
67. Ricci P, Lema R, Sola V,Wash A, Pardo J. Infiltración del nervio Pudendo guiada por Tomografía Axial Computada, por vía transglutea: terapia frente al dolor ocasionado por neuralgia del nervio pudendo. Rev Chil Obstet Ginecol. 2009;74: 94-101.
68. Torres JH, Bernal S, Felice GAT, Bernat JB. Tratamiento del dolor perineal crónico causado por neuralgia del nervio pudendo mediante radiofrecuencia Objetivo docente. Radiologia. 2014;56:1-21 ((Espec Cong): 221).
69. Calvillo O, Skaribas IM, Rockett C. Computed tomography-guided pudendal nerve block. A new diagnostic approach to long-term anoperineal pain: a report of two cases. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:420-3.
70. Peng PWH, Tumber PS. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for patients with chronic pelvic pain - a description of techniques and review of literature. Pain Phys. 2008;11:215-24.
71. Bhatia A, Brull R. Is ultrasound guidance advantageous for interventional pain management? A systematic review of chronic pain outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2013;117: 236-51.
72. Gofeld M. Ultrasonography in Pain Medicine: a critical review. Pain Practice. 2008;8:226-40.
73. Kovacs P, Gruber H, Piegger J, Bodner G. New, simple, ultrasound-guided infiltration of the pudendal nerve: ultrasonographic technique. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1381-5.
74. Narouze S, Peng PWH. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in pain medicine: a review of anatomy, sonoanatomy, and procedures. Part II: axial structures. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;35:386-96.
75. Elahi F, Callahan D, Greenlee J, Dann TL. Pudendal entrapment neuropathy: a rare complication of pelvic radiation therapy. Pain Phys. 2013;16:E793-7.
76. Kowalska B, Sudol-szopmska I. Anatomia prawidlowa i ultrasonograficzna wybranych nerwów obwodowych. Czesc II: Wybrane nerwy obwodowe koñczyny górnej Normal and sonographic anatomy of selected peripheral nerves. Part II: Peripheral nerves of the upper limb. J Ultrason. 2012:131-47.
77. Naja Z, Ziade MF. Nerve stimulator guided pudendal nerve block decreases posthemorrhoidectomy pain. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:62-8.
78. Abdallah FW, Macfarlane AJR, Brull R. The requisites of needle-to-nerve proximity for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: a scoping review of the evidence. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41:221-8.
How to Cite
1.
Rojas-Gómez MF, Blanco-Dávila R, Tobar-Roa V, Gómez-González AM, Ortiz-Zableh AM, Ortiz-Azuero A. Regional anesthesia guided by ultrasound in the pudendal nerve territory. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2017 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 26];45(3):200–209. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/644
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Published
2017-07-01
How to Cite
1.
Rojas-Gómez MF, Blanco-Dávila R, Tobar-Roa V, Gómez-González AM, Ortiz-Zableh AM, Ortiz-Azuero A. Regional anesthesia guided by ultrasound in the pudendal nerve territory. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2017 Jul. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 26];45(3):200–209. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/644
Issue
Section
Original
Altmetric
| Article metrics | |
|---|---|
| Abstract views | |
| Galley vies | |
| PDF Views | |
| HTML views | |
| Other views | |
