Post cardiac arrest syndrome
Keywords:
Heart arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Hypothermia induced, Blood, Circulation
Abstract
Background: Resuscitation from cardiac arrest with global ischemia restores spontaneous circulation in some patients; however, survival depends on many factors associated with post cardiac arrest syndrome. During the last ten years, the understanding and control of these factors have improved the prognosis in a subgroup of patients.
Objective: To describe the pathophysiology and current management of the post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS).
Methodology: Narrative review of the literature using Medline via PubMed and Clinical Trials, using the terms MeSH cardiac arrest – Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and (no term MeSH) Post cardiac arrest syndrome.
Results: Clinical trials have established a set of management protocols and guidelines based on therapeutic objectives with survival rates exceeding 50% of the cardiac arrest victims.
Conclusions: The management of this syndrome has actually strengthened the last link in the survival chain by standardizing the evaluation and selection of cardiac arrest victims via a therapeutic hypothermia protocol and early percutaneous coronary intervention.
References
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2. Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Adrie C, Aibiki M, Berg RA, et al. A consensus statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Asia, and The Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa); The American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; The Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; The Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; The Council on Clinical Cardiology; and The Stroke Council: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. Circulation. 2008;118:2452-83.
3. Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Copass MK. Changing incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, 1980-2000. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:3008.
4. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2008 update: a report from the AHA Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2008;117:e25.
5. Myerburg RJ. Sudden cardiac death: exploring the limits of our knowledge. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:369.
6. Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann Al. Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:63-81.
7. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Bonow: Braunwald' heart disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. Saunders; 2012. p. 845-84.
8. Navarro-Vargas JR. Sobre la reanimación: una misión permanente. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2008;36:9-10.
9. Derwall M, Fries M. Advances in brain resuscitation: beyond hypothermia. Crit Care Clin. 2012;28:271-81.
10. Stub D, Bernard S, Duffy SJ, Kaye D. Post cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation. 2011;123:1428-35.
11. Laver S, Farrow C, Turner D, Nolan J. Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:2126-8.
12. Globus MY, Busto R, Lin B, Schnippering H, Ginsberg MD. Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J Neurochem. 1995;65:1250-6.
13. Martin-Hernandez H, López-Messa JB, Pérez-Vela JL, Molina-Latorre R, Cárdenas-Cruz A. Manejo del Sindrome posparada cardiaca. Documento de consenso. Med Intensiva. 2010;34:107-26.
14. Binks A, Nolan JP. Post-cardiac arrest síndrome. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76:362-8.
15. Sitzwohl C, Kettner SC, Reinprecht A, Dietrich W, Klimscha W, Fridrich P, et al. The arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient increases with uncorrected but not with temperature-corrected PaCO2 determination during mild to moderate hypothermia. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:1131.
16. Peberdy MA, Callaway CW, Neumar RW, Geocadin RG, Zimmerman JL, Donnino M, et al. Part 9: post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122 18 Suppl 3:S768.
17. Janz DR, Hollenbeck RD, Pollock JS, McPherson JA, Rice TW. Hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia after sudden cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3135.
18. Bellomo R, Bailey M, Eastwood GM, Nichol A, Pilcher D, Hart GK, et al., Study of Oxygen in Critical Care (SOCC) Group. Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2011;15:R90.
19. Schaafsma A, de Jong BM, Bams JL, Haaxma-Reiche H, Pruim J, Zijlstra JG. Cerebral perfusion and metabolism in resuscitated patients with severe post-hypoxic encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2003;210:23.
20. Gaieski DF, Band RA, Abella BS, Neumar RW, Fuchs BD, Kolansky DM, et al. Early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in Document downloaded from http://www.revcolanest.com.co, day 15/04/2014. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.
21. Walters JH, Morley PT, Nolan JP. The role of hypothermia in post-cardiac arrest patients with return of spontaneous circulation: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2011;82:508-16.
22. Holtzer M, Cerchiari E, Martens P, Roine R, Sterz F, Eisenburger P, et al. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549-56.
23. Bianchin A, Pellizzato N, Martano L, Castioni CA. Therapeutic hypothermia in Italian intensive care units: a national survey. Minerva Anestesiol. 2009;75:357-62.
24. Schaller B, Graf R. Hipothermia and stroke: the pathophysiological background. Pathophysiology. 2003;10:7-35.
25. Kuboyama K, Safar P, Radovsky A, Tisherman SA, Stezoski SW, Alexander H, et al. Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resuscitative cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1348-58.
26. Wolff B, Machill K, Schumacher D, Schulzki I, Werner D. Early achievement of mild therapeutic hypothermia and the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133:223.
27. Elste T, Roessler M, Fritz H, Durnez P, Busch HJ, Inderbitzen B, et al. Study PRINCE: Pre-ROSC Intranasal Cooling Effectiveness. Intra-Arrest transnasal evaporative cooling: a randomized, prehospital, multicenter. Circulation. 2010;122:729-36.
28. Nagao K. Therapeutic hypothermia following resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18:239-45.
29. Bernard S. Hypothermia after cardiac arrest: expanding the therapeutic scope. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:227-33.
30. Kim F, Olsufka H, Carlbom D, Deen S, Longstreth WT, Hanrahan M, et al. Pilot randomized clinical trial of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a rapid infusion of 4 degrees C normal saline. Circulation. 2007;115:3064-70.
31. Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC, Saiki R, Wood D, Chung W, et al. A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2004;62:143.
32. Tømte Ø, Drægni T, Mangschau A, Jacobsen D, Auestad B, Sunde K. A comparison of intravascular and surface cooling techniques in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:443.
33. Adrie C, Monchin M, Cariou A, Dhainaou J-F, Spalding C. Postresuscitation disease after cardiac arrest: a sepsis-like syndrome? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004;10:208-12.
34. Valeri CR, MacGregor H, Cassidy G, Tinney R, Pompei F. Effects of temperature on bleeding time and clotting time in normal male and female volunteers. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:698-704.
35. Nielsen N, Sunde K, Hovdenes J, Riker RR, Rubertsson S, Stammet P, et al. Hypothermia Network. Adverse events and their relation to mortality in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:57.
36. Agarwal P, Kumar N, Chandra R, Gupta G, Antony AR, Garg N. Randomized study of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in status epilepticus. Seizure. 2007;16:527.
37. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:557-63.
38. Perbet S, Mongardon N, Dumas F, Bruel C, Lemiale V, Mourvillier B, et al. Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:1048-54.
39. Polderman KH. Is therapeutic hypothermia immunosuppressive? Crit Care. 2012;16 Suppl 2:A8.
40. Nolan JP, Morley PT, Van den Hoek TL, Hickey RW, Kloeck WG, Billi J, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: an advisory statement by the advance life support task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2003;108:118-21.
41. Safar P. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a review. Circulation. 1986;74:138-53.
42. Sunde K, Pytte M, Jacobsen D, Mangschau A. Implementation of standardised treatment protocol for postresuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2007;73:29-39.
43. Beccaria PF, Turi S, Cristofolini M, Leggieri C, Vincinguerra F, Zangrillo A. Postrcardiac arrest therapeutic hypothermia in adult patients, state of art and practical considerations. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2010;2:93-103.
44. Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, Müllner M, Herkner H. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD004128.
45. Hassani H, Meyer S. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane for clinicians, accessed from: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0901/p477.pdf. Accessed february 8th, 2014.
46. Holzer M, Bernard SA, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Roine RO, Sterz F, Mullner M, on behalf of the Collaborative Group on Induced Hypothermia for Neuroprotection After Cardiac Arrest: hypothermia for neuroprotection after cardiac arrest: systemic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:414-8.
47. Batista LM, Lima FO, Januzzi JL, Donahue V, Snydeman C, Greer DM, et al. Feasibility and safety of combined percutaneus coronary intervention and therapeutic hypothermia following in cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2010;81:398-403.
48. Polderman KH, Herold I. Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1101-20.
49. Dumas F, Cariou A, Manzo-Silberman S, Grimaldi D, Vivien B, Rosencher J, et al. Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with better survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of hospital Cardiac ArresT) registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:200-7.
50. Charalampopoulos A, Nikolaou N. Emerging pharmaceutical therapies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and post-resuscitation syndrome. Resuscitation. 2011;82:371-7.
51. Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A, Monchi M, Weber SM, Dhainaut JF, Carli P, et al. Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1629-33.
52. Kagawa E, Keigo D, Yasuki K. Percutaneous coronary intervention for postcardiac arrest syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013;28:689-94.
53. Megarbane B, Leprince P, Deye N, Resiere D, Guerrier G, Rettab S, et al. Emergency feasibility in medical intensive care unit of extracorporeal life support for refractory cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:758-64.
54. Laurent I, Adrie C, Vinsonneau C, Cariou A, Chiche JD, Ohanessian A, et al. High volume hemofiltration after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:432-7.
55. Mongardon N, Dumas F, Ricome S, Grimaldi D, Hissem T, Pène F, et al. Postcardiac arrest syndrome: from immediateresuscitation to long-term outcome. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1:45-56.
56. Hemphill JC, White DB. Clinical nihilism in neuroemergencies. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2009;27: 27-37.
57. Levy DE, Caronna JJ, Singer BH, Lapinsky RH, Frydman H, Pulm F, et al. Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. J Am Med Assoc. 1985;253:1420-6.
58. Wijdicks EFM, Hijdra A, Young GB, Bassetti CL, Wiebe S. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;67:203-10.
59. Wada T, Jesmin S, Gando S, Yanagida Y, MIzugaky A, Sultana SN, et al. Angiogenic factors and their soluble receptors predict organ dysfunction and mortality in post-cardiac arrest symbol. J Inflamm (Lond). 2013. http://www.journal.inflammation.com/content/10/1/6. Accessed february 8th, 2014.
60. Annborn M, Dankiewicz J, Erlinge D, Hertel S, Rundgren M, Smith JG, et al. Procalcitonin after cardiac arrest - an indicator of severity illness, ischemia-reperfusion injury and outcome. Resuscitation. 2013;84:782-7.
61. Donnino MW, Miller JD, Bivens M, Cocchi MN, Salciccioli J, Farris S, et al. A pilot study examining the severity and outcome of the Pos-cardiac arrest syndrome: a comparative analysis of two geographically distinct hospitals. Circulation. 2012;126:1478-83.
62. Kellum MJ, Kennedy KW, Barney R, Keilhauer FA, Bellino M, Zuercher M, Ewy GA, et al. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves neurologically intact survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52:244-52.
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2. Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Adrie C, Aibiki M, Berg RA, et al. A consensus statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Asia, and The Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa); The American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; The Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; The Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; The Council on Clinical Cardiology; and The Stroke Council: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. Circulation. 2008;118:2452-83.
3. Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Copass MK. Changing incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, 1980-2000. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:3008.
4. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2008 update: a report from the AHA Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2008;117:e25.
5. Myerburg RJ. Sudden cardiac death: exploring the limits of our knowledge. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:369.
6. Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann Al. Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3:63-81.
7. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. In: Bonow: Braunwald' heart disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. Saunders; 2012. p. 845-84.
8. Navarro-Vargas JR. Sobre la reanimación: una misión permanente. Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2008;36:9-10.
9. Derwall M, Fries M. Advances in brain resuscitation: beyond hypothermia. Crit Care Clin. 2012;28:271-81.
10. Stub D, Bernard S, Duffy SJ, Kaye D. Post cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation. 2011;123:1428-35.
11. Laver S, Farrow C, Turner D, Nolan J. Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:2126-8.
12. Globus MY, Busto R, Lin B, Schnippering H, Ginsberg MD. Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J Neurochem. 1995;65:1250-6.
13. Martin-Hernandez H, López-Messa JB, Pérez-Vela JL, Molina-Latorre R, Cárdenas-Cruz A. Manejo del Sindrome posparada cardiaca. Documento de consenso. Med Intensiva. 2010;34:107-26.
14. Binks A, Nolan JP. Post-cardiac arrest síndrome. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76:362-8.
15. Sitzwohl C, Kettner SC, Reinprecht A, Dietrich W, Klimscha W, Fridrich P, et al. The arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient increases with uncorrected but not with temperature-corrected PaCO2 determination during mild to moderate hypothermia. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:1131.
16. Peberdy MA, Callaway CW, Neumar RW, Geocadin RG, Zimmerman JL, Donnino M, et al. Part 9: post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122 18 Suppl 3:S768.
17. Janz DR, Hollenbeck RD, Pollock JS, McPherson JA, Rice TW. Hyperoxia is associated with increased mortality in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia after sudden cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3135.
18. Bellomo R, Bailey M, Eastwood GM, Nichol A, Pilcher D, Hart GK, et al., Study of Oxygen in Critical Care (SOCC) Group. Arterial hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care. 2011;15:R90.
19. Schaafsma A, de Jong BM, Bams JL, Haaxma-Reiche H, Pruim J, Zijlstra JG. Cerebral perfusion and metabolism in resuscitated patients with severe post-hypoxic encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2003;210:23.
20. Gaieski DF, Band RA, Abella BS, Neumar RW, Fuchs BD, Kolansky DM, et al. Early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in Document downloaded from http://www.revcolanest.com.co, day 15/04/2014. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited.
21. Walters JH, Morley PT, Nolan JP. The role of hypothermia in post-cardiac arrest patients with return of spontaneous circulation: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2011;82:508-16.
22. Holtzer M, Cerchiari E, Martens P, Roine R, Sterz F, Eisenburger P, et al. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549-56.
23. Bianchin A, Pellizzato N, Martano L, Castioni CA. Therapeutic hypothermia in Italian intensive care units: a national survey. Minerva Anestesiol. 2009;75:357-62.
24. Schaller B, Graf R. Hipothermia and stroke: the pathophysiological background. Pathophysiology. 2003;10:7-35.
25. Kuboyama K, Safar P, Radovsky A, Tisherman SA, Stezoski SW, Alexander H, et al. Delay in cooling negates the beneficial effect of mild resuscitative cerebral hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1348-58.
26. Wolff B, Machill K, Schumacher D, Schulzki I, Werner D. Early achievement of mild therapeutic hypothermia and the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133:223.
27. Elste T, Roessler M, Fritz H, Durnez P, Busch HJ, Inderbitzen B, et al. Study PRINCE: Pre-ROSC Intranasal Cooling Effectiveness. Intra-Arrest transnasal evaporative cooling: a randomized, prehospital, multicenter. Circulation. 2010;122:729-36.
28. Nagao K. Therapeutic hypothermia following resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18:239-45.
29. Bernard S. Hypothermia after cardiac arrest: expanding the therapeutic scope. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:227-33.
30. Kim F, Olsufka H, Carlbom D, Deen S, Longstreth WT, Hanrahan M, et al. Pilot randomized clinical trial of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a rapid infusion of 4 degrees C normal saline. Circulation. 2007;115:3064-70.
31. Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC, Saiki R, Wood D, Chung W, et al. A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2004;62:143.
32. Tømte Ø, Drægni T, Mangschau A, Jacobsen D, Auestad B, Sunde K. A comparison of intravascular and surface cooling techniques in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:443.
33. Adrie C, Monchin M, Cariou A, Dhainaou J-F, Spalding C. Postresuscitation disease after cardiac arrest: a sepsis-like syndrome? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004;10:208-12.
34. Valeri CR, MacGregor H, Cassidy G, Tinney R, Pompei F. Effects of temperature on bleeding time and clotting time in normal male and female volunteers. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:698-704.
35. Nielsen N, Sunde K, Hovdenes J, Riker RR, Rubertsson S, Stammet P, et al. Hypothermia Network. Adverse events and their relation to mortality in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:57.
36. Agarwal P, Kumar N, Chandra R, Gupta G, Antony AR, Garg N. Randomized study of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in status epilepticus. Seizure. 2007;16:527.
37. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:557-63.
38. Perbet S, Mongardon N, Dumas F, Bruel C, Lemiale V, Mourvillier B, et al. Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:1048-54.
39. Polderman KH. Is therapeutic hypothermia immunosuppressive? Crit Care. 2012;16 Suppl 2:A8.
40. Nolan JP, Morley PT, Van den Hoek TL, Hickey RW, Kloeck WG, Billi J, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: an advisory statement by the advance life support task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2003;108:118-21.
41. Safar P. Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a review. Circulation. 1986;74:138-53.
42. Sunde K, Pytte M, Jacobsen D, Mangschau A. Implementation of standardised treatment protocol for postresuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2007;73:29-39.
43. Beccaria PF, Turi S, Cristofolini M, Leggieri C, Vincinguerra F, Zangrillo A. Postrcardiac arrest therapeutic hypothermia in adult patients, state of art and practical considerations. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2010;2:93-103.
44. Arrich J, Holzer M, Havel C, Müllner M, Herkner H. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD004128.
45. Hassani H, Meyer S. Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane for clinicians, accessed from: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0901/p477.pdf. Accessed february 8th, 2014.
46. Holzer M, Bernard SA, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Roine RO, Sterz F, Mullner M, on behalf of the Collaborative Group on Induced Hypothermia for Neuroprotection After Cardiac Arrest: hypothermia for neuroprotection after cardiac arrest: systemic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:414-8.
47. Batista LM, Lima FO, Januzzi JL, Donahue V, Snydeman C, Greer DM, et al. Feasibility and safety of combined percutaneus coronary intervention and therapeutic hypothermia following in cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2010;81:398-403.
48. Polderman KH, Herold I. Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1101-20.
49. Dumas F, Cariou A, Manzo-Silberman S, Grimaldi D, Vivien B, Rosencher J, et al. Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with better survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of hospital Cardiac ArresT) registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:200-7.
50. Charalampopoulos A, Nikolaou N. Emerging pharmaceutical therapies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and post-resuscitation syndrome. Resuscitation. 2011;82:371-7.
51. Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A, Monchi M, Weber SM, Dhainaut JF, Carli P, et al. Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1629-33.
52. Kagawa E, Keigo D, Yasuki K. Percutaneous coronary intervention for postcardiac arrest syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013;28:689-94.
53. Megarbane B, Leprince P, Deye N, Resiere D, Guerrier G, Rettab S, et al. Emergency feasibility in medical intensive care unit of extracorporeal life support for refractory cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:758-64.
54. Laurent I, Adrie C, Vinsonneau C, Cariou A, Chiche JD, Ohanessian A, et al. High volume hemofiltration after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:432-7.
55. Mongardon N, Dumas F, Ricome S, Grimaldi D, Hissem T, Pène F, et al. Postcardiac arrest syndrome: from immediateresuscitation to long-term outcome. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1:45-56.
56. Hemphill JC, White DB. Clinical nihilism in neuroemergencies. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2009;27: 27-37.
57. Levy DE, Caronna JJ, Singer BH, Lapinsky RH, Frydman H, Pulm F, et al. Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. J Am Med Assoc. 1985;253:1420-6.
58. Wijdicks EFM, Hijdra A, Young GB, Bassetti CL, Wiebe S. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;67:203-10.
59. Wada T, Jesmin S, Gando S, Yanagida Y, MIzugaky A, Sultana SN, et al. Angiogenic factors and their soluble receptors predict organ dysfunction and mortality in post-cardiac arrest symbol. J Inflamm (Lond). 2013. http://www.journal.inflammation.com/content/10/1/6. Accessed february 8th, 2014.
60. Annborn M, Dankiewicz J, Erlinge D, Hertel S, Rundgren M, Smith JG, et al. Procalcitonin after cardiac arrest - an indicator of severity illness, ischemia-reperfusion injury and outcome. Resuscitation. 2013;84:782-7.
61. Donnino MW, Miller JD, Bivens M, Cocchi MN, Salciccioli J, Farris S, et al. A pilot study examining the severity and outcome of the Pos-cardiac arrest syndrome: a comparative analysis of two geographically distinct hospitals. Circulation. 2012;126:1478-83.
62. Kellum MJ, Kennedy KW, Barney R, Keilhauer FA, Bellino M, Zuercher M, Ewy GA, et al. Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves neurologically intact survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52:244-52.
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How to Cite
1.
Navarro-Vargas JR, Díaz JL. Post cardiac arrest syndrome. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2014 Apr. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 19];42(2):107-13. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/538
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2014-04-01
How to Cite
1.
Navarro-Vargas JR, Díaz JL. Post cardiac arrest syndrome. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2014 Apr. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 19];42(2):107-13. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/538
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Section
Narrative review
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