Cardiovascular pre-anesthesia evaluation in oncological surgery
Keywords:
Medical oncology, Anesthesia, Cardiovascular diseases, Cancer care facilities, Anesthesia recovery period
Abstract
Any cancer patient is a challenge for the anesthesiologist due to the increased cardiovascular risk factors resulting from the patient's condition, in addition to the increased toxicity from chemotherapy. Pre-anesthesia evaluation as part of the anesthetic activity is defined as the process of clinical evaluation before surgery and the administration of anesthesia per se. This review is intended to reassess the current approach to cardiovascular pre-anesthesia evaluation in cancer patients at referral centers. The search strategy used the major databases in the scientific literature, based on the keywords identified. The conclusion is that cardiovascular risk factors must be closely controlled and hence the approach to the management of the cancer patient should be in cooperation with clinical oncology and cardiology. The evaluation should include the ejection fraction as one of the most relevant predictors of the patient's prognosis.
References
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2. Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters, Apfelbaum JL, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation, Pasternak LR, et al., Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation. An update report for the American Society of Anesthesiologists: Task force on preanesthesia evaluation. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:522-38.
3. Katz RI, Cimino L, Vitkun SA. Preoperative medical consultations: impact of perioperative management and surgical outcome. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:697-702.
4. Katz RI, Barnhart JM, Ho G, Hersch D, Dayan SS, Keehn L. A survey on the intended purposes and perceived utility of preoperative cardiology consultations. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:830-6.
5. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof EL, Fleischmann KE, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on periopertaive beta blocked incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery preoperative cardiovascular assessment in non-cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:e13-18.
6. Rooke GA. Cardiovascular aging and anesthetic implications. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17:512-23.
7. Chassot PG, Delabays A, Spahn DR. Preoperative evaluation of patients with, or at risk of, coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89: 747-59.
8. Groban L. Diastolic dysfunction in the older heart. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;19:228-36.
9. Havranek EP, Masoudi FA, Westfall KA, Wolfe P, Ordin DL, Krumholz HM. Spectrum of heart failure in older patients: results from the National Heart Failure Project. Am Heart J. 2002;143:412-7.
10. Leug JM, Dzankic S. Relative importance of preoperative health status versus intraoperative factors predicting postoperative adverse outcomes in geriatric surgical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1080-5.
11. Findlay GP. Knowing the risk: a review of the perioperative care of surgical patients A report by the National confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death; 2011 [Cited 15 Aug 2015. Available from: http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2011report2/downloads/POC_summary.pdf.
12. Albini A, Pennesi G, Donatelli F, Cammarota R, De Flora S, Noonan DM. Cardiotoxicity of anticancer drugs: the need for cardio-oncology and cardio-oncological prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:14-25.
13. Yeh ET, Tong AT, Lenihan DJ, Yusuf SW, Swafford J, Champion C, et al. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. Circulation. 2004;109:3122-31.
14. Pai VB, Nahata MC. Cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents: incidence, treatment and prevention. Drug Saf. 2000;22:263-302.
15. Broder H, Gottlieb R, Lepor N. Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2008;9:75-83.
16. Kulke M, Mayer R. Carcinoid tumors. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:858-68, 18.
17. Deegan RJ, Furman WR. Cardiovascular manifestation of endocryne dysfunction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011;25:705-20.
18. Van Dalen EC, Caron HN, Dickinson H, Kremer LC. Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD003917.
19. Schwarts RG, McKenzie WB, Alexander J, Sager P, D'Souza A, Manatunga A. Congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction complicating doxorubicine therapy. Seven years experience using serial radionuclide angiocardiography. Am J Med. 1987;82:1109-18.
20. Simbre II IV, Adams MJ, Deshpande SS, Duffy SA, Miller TL, Lipshultz SE. Cardiomyopathy caused by antineoplastic therapies. Curr Treat Options Cardiovas Med. 2001;3:493-505.
21. Cianci G, Morelli MF, Cannita K, Morese R, Ricevuto E, Di Rocco ZC, et al. Prophylactic options in patients with 5-fluorouracil associated cardiotoxicity. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1507-9.
22. Seidman A, Hudis C, Pierri MK, Shak S, Paton V, Ashby M, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in the traztuzumab clinical trials experience. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1215-21.
23. Nanda A, Chen MH, Braccioforte MH, Moran BJ, D'Amico AV. Hormonal therapy use for prostate cancer and mortality in men with coronary artery disease-induced congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2009;302:866-73.
24. Kuoppala J, Lamminpaa A, Pukkala E. Statins and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:2122-32.
25. Schucter LM, Hensley ML, Meropol NJ, Winwer EP. American Society of Clinical Oncology Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Expert Panel. 2002 update of recommendations for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants: clinical practice guidelines of the American society of clinical oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:2895-903.
26. Rosenthal DS, Braunwald E. Cardiac effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In: Braunwald E, editor. Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company; 2001. p. 1746-51.
27. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, Thomas EJ, Polanczyk CA, Cook EF, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major no cardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100:1043-9.
28. Destky AS, Abraham HB, McLaughlin JR, Drucker DJ, Sasson Z, Johnston N, et al. Predicting cardiac complications in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1:211-9.
29. Morris CK, Ueshima K, Kawaguchi T, Hideg A, Froelicher VF. The prognosis value of exercise capacity: a review of the literature. Am Heart J. 1991;122:1423-31.
30. Cardinale D, Sandri M, Colombo A, Boeri M, Lamantia G, Civelli M, et al. Prognostic value of troponin I in cardiac risk stratification of cancer patients undergoing high -dose chemotherapy. Circulation. 2004;109:2749-54.
31. Sandri MT, Salvatici M, Cardinale D, Zorzino L, Passerini R, Lentati P,et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide after high-dose chemotherapy: a marker predictive of cardiac dysfunction? Clin Chem. 2005;51:1405-10.
32. Dolci A, Dominici R, Cardinale D, Sandri MT, Panteghini M. Biochemical markers for prediction of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: systematic review of the literature and recommendations for use. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;130:688-95.
33. Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2148-59.
34. Civelli M, Cardinale D, Martinoni A, Lamantia G, Colombo N, Colombo A, et al. Early reduction in left ventricular contractile reserve detected by dobutamina stress echo predicts high dose chemotherapy induced cardiac toxicity. Int J Cardiol. 2006;111:120-6.
35. Cardinale D, Bacchiani G, Beggiato M, Colombo A, Cipolla CM. Strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular risk in cancer patients. Semin Oncol. 2013;40:186-98.
36. Rugbejerg K, Mellemkjaer L, Boice D, Kober L, Ewertz M, Olsen JH. Cardiovascular disease in survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer: a Danish Cohort Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106, dju 110.
37. Klem I, Shad DJ, White RD, Pennell DJ, van Rossum AC, Regenfus M, et al. Prognostic value of routine cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of the left ventricular ejection fractioned myocardial damage: an international, multicenter study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:610-9.
38. Mcfalls E, Ward H, Moritz T, Goldman S, Krupski WC, Littooy F, et al. Coronary artery revascularization before elective mayor vascular surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2795-804.
39. Pierpont G, Moritz T, Goldman S, Krupski WC, Littooy F, Ward HB, et al. Disparate opinions regarding indications for coronary artery revascularization prior to elective vascular surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1124-8.
40. Kaluza GL, Joseph J, Lee JR, Raizner ME, Raizner AE. Catastrophic outcomes of non-cardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1288-94.
41. Marcucci C, Chassot PG, Gardaz JP, Magnusson L, Ris HB, Delabays A, et al. Fatal myocardial infarction after lung resection in a patient with prophylactic preoperative coronary stenting. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92:743-7.
42. Godet G, Riou B, Bertrand M, Fleron MH, Goarin JP, Montalescot G, et al. Does preoperative coronary angioplasty improve perioperative cardiac outcome? Anesthesiology. 2005;102:739-46.
43. Vicenzi MN, Meislitzer T, Heitzinger B, Halaj M, Fleisher LA, Metzler H. Coronary artery stenting and non-cardiac surgery-a prospective outcome study. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:686-93.
44. McFadden EP, Stabile E, Regar E, Cheneau E, Ong AT, Kinnaird T, et al. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet. 2004;364:1519-21.
45. Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW, Smith PK, Spertus JA, Masoudi FA, et al. Coronary revascularization writing group. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/SCCT 2012 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization focused update: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation appropriate use criteria task force, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:780-803.
46. Sugarbaker PH, Aldemar R, Edwards G, Marquardt CE, Gushchin V, Esquivel J, et al. Prospective morbidity and mortality assessmen of cytoreductive surgery plus perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy to treat peritoneal dissemination of appendiceal mucinous malignancy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:635-44.
47. Shime N, Lee M, Hatanaka T. Cardiovascular changes during continues hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:938-42.
48. Rothfield KP, Crowley K. Anesthesia considerations during cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2012;21:533-41.
49. Thaigainami K, Mohamed F, Cecil T, Moran BJ, Bell J. The use of cardiac output monitoring to guide the administration of intravenous fluid during hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15:1537-42.
50. Chua TC, Yan TD, Saxena A, Morris DL. Should the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis by cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherap still be regarded as a highly morbid procedure? A systematic review of morbidity and mortality. Ann Surg. 2009;249:900-7.
51. Weber T, Roitman M, Link K. Current status of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2012;11:167-76.
52. De Somer F, Ceelen W, Delanghe J, de Smet D, Vanackere M, Pattyn P, et al. Severe hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlactatemia are associated with intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemo perfusion with oxaliplatin. Perit Dial Int. 2008;28:61-6.
53. Joshi GP. Intraoperative fluid restriction improves outcome after major elective gastrointestinal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:601-5.
54. Corcoran T, Rhodes JE, Clarke S, Myles PS, Ho KM. Perioperative fluid management strategies in major surgery: a stratified meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:640-51.
2. Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters, Apfelbaum JL, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation, Pasternak LR, et al., Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Practice advisory for preanesthesia evaluation. An update report for the American Society of Anesthesiologists: Task force on preanesthesia evaluation. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:522-38.
3. Katz RI, Cimino L, Vitkun SA. Preoperative medical consultations: impact of perioperative management and surgical outcome. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:697-702.
4. Katz RI, Barnhart JM, Ho G, Hersch D, Dayan SS, Keehn L. A survey on the intended purposes and perceived utility of preoperative cardiology consultations. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:830-6.
5. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof EL, Fleischmann KE, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on periopertaive beta blocked incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery preoperative cardiovascular assessment in non-cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:e13-18.
6. Rooke GA. Cardiovascular aging and anesthetic implications. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17:512-23.
7. Chassot PG, Delabays A, Spahn DR. Preoperative evaluation of patients with, or at risk of, coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89: 747-59.
8. Groban L. Diastolic dysfunction in the older heart. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;19:228-36.
9. Havranek EP, Masoudi FA, Westfall KA, Wolfe P, Ordin DL, Krumholz HM. Spectrum of heart failure in older patients: results from the National Heart Failure Project. Am Heart J. 2002;143:412-7.
10. Leug JM, Dzankic S. Relative importance of preoperative health status versus intraoperative factors predicting postoperative adverse outcomes in geriatric surgical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1080-5.
11. Findlay GP. Knowing the risk: a review of the perioperative care of surgical patients A report by the National confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death; 2011 [Cited 15 Aug 2015. Available from: http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2011report2/downloads/POC_summary.pdf.
12. Albini A, Pennesi G, Donatelli F, Cammarota R, De Flora S, Noonan DM. Cardiotoxicity of anticancer drugs: the need for cardio-oncology and cardio-oncological prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:14-25.
13. Yeh ET, Tong AT, Lenihan DJ, Yusuf SW, Swafford J, Champion C, et al. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. Circulation. 2004;109:3122-31.
14. Pai VB, Nahata MC. Cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents: incidence, treatment and prevention. Drug Saf. 2000;22:263-302.
15. Broder H, Gottlieb R, Lepor N. Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2008;9:75-83.
16. Kulke M, Mayer R. Carcinoid tumors. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:858-68, 18.
17. Deegan RJ, Furman WR. Cardiovascular manifestation of endocryne dysfunction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011;25:705-20.
18. Van Dalen EC, Caron HN, Dickinson H, Kremer LC. Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD003917.
19. Schwarts RG, McKenzie WB, Alexander J, Sager P, D'Souza A, Manatunga A. Congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction complicating doxorubicine therapy. Seven years experience using serial radionuclide angiocardiography. Am J Med. 1987;82:1109-18.
20. Simbre II IV, Adams MJ, Deshpande SS, Duffy SA, Miller TL, Lipshultz SE. Cardiomyopathy caused by antineoplastic therapies. Curr Treat Options Cardiovas Med. 2001;3:493-505.
21. Cianci G, Morelli MF, Cannita K, Morese R, Ricevuto E, Di Rocco ZC, et al. Prophylactic options in patients with 5-fluorouracil associated cardiotoxicity. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1507-9.
22. Seidman A, Hudis C, Pierri MK, Shak S, Paton V, Ashby M, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in the traztuzumab clinical trials experience. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1215-21.
23. Nanda A, Chen MH, Braccioforte MH, Moran BJ, D'Amico AV. Hormonal therapy use for prostate cancer and mortality in men with coronary artery disease-induced congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2009;302:866-73.
24. Kuoppala J, Lamminpaa A, Pukkala E. Statins and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:2122-32.
25. Schucter LM, Hensley ML, Meropol NJ, Winwer EP. American Society of Clinical Oncology Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Expert Panel. 2002 update of recommendations for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants: clinical practice guidelines of the American society of clinical oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:2895-903.
26. Rosenthal DS, Braunwald E. Cardiac effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In: Braunwald E, editor. Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company; 2001. p. 1746-51.
27. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, Thomas EJ, Polanczyk CA, Cook EF, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major no cardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100:1043-9.
28. Destky AS, Abraham HB, McLaughlin JR, Drucker DJ, Sasson Z, Johnston N, et al. Predicting cardiac complications in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1:211-9.
29. Morris CK, Ueshima K, Kawaguchi T, Hideg A, Froelicher VF. The prognosis value of exercise capacity: a review of the literature. Am Heart J. 1991;122:1423-31.
30. Cardinale D, Sandri M, Colombo A, Boeri M, Lamantia G, Civelli M, et al. Prognostic value of troponin I in cardiac risk stratification of cancer patients undergoing high -dose chemotherapy. Circulation. 2004;109:2749-54.
31. Sandri MT, Salvatici M, Cardinale D, Zorzino L, Passerini R, Lentati P,et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide after high-dose chemotherapy: a marker predictive of cardiac dysfunction? Clin Chem. 2005;51:1405-10.
32. Dolci A, Dominici R, Cardinale D, Sandri MT, Panteghini M. Biochemical markers for prediction of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: systematic review of the literature and recommendations for use. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;130:688-95.
33. Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2148-59.
34. Civelli M, Cardinale D, Martinoni A, Lamantia G, Colombo N, Colombo A, et al. Early reduction in left ventricular contractile reserve detected by dobutamina stress echo predicts high dose chemotherapy induced cardiac toxicity. Int J Cardiol. 2006;111:120-6.
35. Cardinale D, Bacchiani G, Beggiato M, Colombo A, Cipolla CM. Strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular risk in cancer patients. Semin Oncol. 2013;40:186-98.
36. Rugbejerg K, Mellemkjaer L, Boice D, Kober L, Ewertz M, Olsen JH. Cardiovascular disease in survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer: a Danish Cohort Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106, dju 110.
37. Klem I, Shad DJ, White RD, Pennell DJ, van Rossum AC, Regenfus M, et al. Prognostic value of routine cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of the left ventricular ejection fractioned myocardial damage: an international, multicenter study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:610-9.
38. Mcfalls E, Ward H, Moritz T, Goldman S, Krupski WC, Littooy F, et al. Coronary artery revascularization before elective mayor vascular surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2795-804.
39. Pierpont G, Moritz T, Goldman S, Krupski WC, Littooy F, Ward HB, et al. Disparate opinions regarding indications for coronary artery revascularization prior to elective vascular surgery. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1124-8.
40. Kaluza GL, Joseph J, Lee JR, Raizner ME, Raizner AE. Catastrophic outcomes of non-cardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1288-94.
41. Marcucci C, Chassot PG, Gardaz JP, Magnusson L, Ris HB, Delabays A, et al. Fatal myocardial infarction after lung resection in a patient with prophylactic preoperative coronary stenting. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92:743-7.
42. Godet G, Riou B, Bertrand M, Fleron MH, Goarin JP, Montalescot G, et al. Does preoperative coronary angioplasty improve perioperative cardiac outcome? Anesthesiology. 2005;102:739-46.
43. Vicenzi MN, Meislitzer T, Heitzinger B, Halaj M, Fleisher LA, Metzler H. Coronary artery stenting and non-cardiac surgery-a prospective outcome study. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:686-93.
44. McFadden EP, Stabile E, Regar E, Cheneau E, Ong AT, Kinnaird T, et al. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet. 2004;364:1519-21.
45. Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW, Smith PK, Spertus JA, Masoudi FA, et al. Coronary revascularization writing group. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/SCCT 2012 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization focused update: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation appropriate use criteria task force, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:780-803.
46. Sugarbaker PH, Aldemar R, Edwards G, Marquardt CE, Gushchin V, Esquivel J, et al. Prospective morbidity and mortality assessmen of cytoreductive surgery plus perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy to treat peritoneal dissemination of appendiceal mucinous malignancy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:635-44.
47. Shime N, Lee M, Hatanaka T. Cardiovascular changes during continues hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:938-42.
48. Rothfield KP, Crowley K. Anesthesia considerations during cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2012;21:533-41.
49. Thaigainami K, Mohamed F, Cecil T, Moran BJ, Bell J. The use of cardiac output monitoring to guide the administration of intravenous fluid during hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15:1537-42.
50. Chua TC, Yan TD, Saxena A, Morris DL. Should the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis by cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherap still be regarded as a highly morbid procedure? A systematic review of morbidity and mortality. Ann Surg. 2009;249:900-7.
51. Weber T, Roitman M, Link K. Current status of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2012;11:167-76.
52. De Somer F, Ceelen W, Delanghe J, de Smet D, Vanackere M, Pattyn P, et al. Severe hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlactatemia are associated with intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemo perfusion with oxaliplatin. Perit Dial Int. 2008;28:61-6.
53. Joshi GP. Intraoperative fluid restriction improves outcome after major elective gastrointestinal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:601-5.
54. Corcoran T, Rhodes JE, Clarke S, Myles PS, Ho KM. Perioperative fluid management strategies in major surgery: a stratified meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:640-51.
How to Cite
1.
Gómez-Henao PA, Carreño-Dueñas JA. Cardiovascular pre-anesthesia evaluation in oncological surgery. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2016 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 25];44(1):17-22. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/62
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2016-01-01
How to Cite
1.
Gómez-Henao PA, Carreño-Dueñas JA. Cardiovascular pre-anesthesia evaluation in oncological surgery. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2016 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 Apr. 25];44(1):17-22. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/62
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